UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM 10-K

☒ Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017

Commission File No. 001-14817

 

PACCAR Inc

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

 

Registrant's telephone number, including area code (425) 468-7400

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:  NONE

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.   Yes  ☒   No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.   Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for at least the past 90 days.  Yes  ☒   No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes  ☒   No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S‑K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10‑K or any amendment to this Form 10‑K.   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act.

 

 

 

 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).     Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2017:

Common Stock, $1 par value ‑ $22.71 billion

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's classes of common stock, as of January 31, 2018:

Common Stock, $1 par value – 351,986,606 shares

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the proxy statement for the annual stockholders meeting to be held on May 1, 2018 are incorporated by reference into Part III.

 

 

 

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PACCAR Inc – FORM 10-K

INDEX

 

 

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PART I

PACCAR Inc (the Company or PACCAR), incorporated under the laws of Delaware in 1971, is the successor to Pacific Car and Foundry Company which was incorporated in Washington in 1924.  The Company traces its predecessors to Seattle Car Manufacturing Company formed in 1905.

Information about the Company’s industry segments and geographic areas in response to Items 101(b), (c)(1)(i), and (d) of Regulation S-K appears in Item 8, Note R, of this Form 10-K.

PACCAR is a multinational company operating in three principal industry segments:

PACCAR’s Other business includes the manufacturing and marketing of industrial winches.

TRUCKS

PACCAR’s trucks are marketed under the Kenworth, Peterbilt and DAF nameplates. These trucks, which are built in three plants in the United States, three in Europe and one each in Australia, Brasil, Canada and Mexico, are used worldwide for over-the-road and off-highway hauling of commercial and consumer goods. The Company also manufactures engines, primarily for use in the Company’s trucks, at its facilities in Columbus, Mississippi; Eindhoven, the Netherlands; and Ponta Grossa, Brasil.  PACCAR competes in the North American Class 8 market, primarily with Kenworth and Peterbilt conventional models. These trucks are assembled at facilities in Chillicothe, Ohio; Denton, Texas; Renton, Washington; Ste. Therese, Canada and Mexicali, Mexico.  PACCAR also competes in the North American Class 6 to 7 markets primarily with Kenworth and Peterbilt conventional models. These trucks are assembled at facilities in Ste. Therese, Canada and Mexicali, Mexico. PACCAR competes in the European light/medium market with DAF COE trucks assembled in the United Kingdom (U.K.) by Leyland, one of PACCAR’s wholly owned subsidiaries, and participates in the European heavy market with DAF COE trucks assembled in the Netherlands and the U.K.  PACCAR competes in the Brazilian heavy truck market with DAF models assembled at Ponta Grossa in the state of Paraná, Brasil.  PACCAR competes in the Australian light and heavy truck markets with Kenworth conventional and COE models assembled at its facility at Bayswater in the state of Victoria, Australia, and DAF COE models assembled in the U.K.  Commercial truck manufacturing comprises the largest segment of PACCAR’s business and accounted for 76% of total 2017 net sales and revenues.  

Substantially all trucks are sold to independent dealers. The Kenworth and Peterbilt nameplates are marketed and distributed by separate divisions in the U.S. and a foreign subsidiary in Canada. The Kenworth nameplate is also marketed and distributed by foreign subsidiaries in Mexico and Australia. The DAF nameplate is marketed and distributed worldwide by a foreign subsidiary headquartered in the Netherlands and is also marketed and distributed by foreign subsidiaries in Brasil and Australia. The decision to operate as a subsidiary or as a division is incidental to PACCAR’s Truck segment operations and reflects legal, tax and regulatory requirements in the various countries where PACCAR operates.

The Truck segment utilizes centrally managed purchasing, information technology, technical research and testing, treasury and finance functions.  Some manufacturing plants in North America produce trucks for more than one nameplate, while other plants produce trucks for only one nameplate, depending on various factors.  Best manufacturing practices within the Company are shared on a routine basis reflecting the similarity of the business models employed by each nameplate.

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The Company’s trucks have a reputation for high quality and are essentially custom products, most of which are ordered by dealers according to customer specifications. Some units are ordered by dealers for stocking to meet the needs of certain customers who require immediate delivery or for customers that require chassis to be fitted with specialized bodies.  For a significant portion of the Company’s truck operations, major components, such as engines, transmissions and axles, as well as a substantial percentage of other components, are purchased from component manufacturers pursuant to PACCAR and customer specifications.  DAF, which is more vertically integrated, manufactures PACCAR engines and axles and a higher percentage of other components for its heavy truck models.  The Company also manufactures engines at its Columbus, Mississippi facility.  In 2017, the Company installed PACCAR engines in 41% of the Company’s Kenworth and Peterbilt heavy‑duty trucks in the U.S. and Canada and substantially all of the DAF heavy-duty trucks sold throughout the world.  Engines not manufactured by the Company are purchased from Cummins Inc. (Cummins). The Company purchased a significant portion of its transmissions from Eaton Corporation Plc. (Eaton) and ZF Friedrichshafen AG (ZF). The Company also purchased a significant portion of North America stampings used for cabs from Magna International Inc. (Magna). The Company has long-term agreements with Cummins, Eaton, ZF and Magna to provide for continuity of supply. A loss of supply from Cummins, Eaton, ZF or Magna, and the resulting interruption in the production of trucks, would have a material effect on the Company’s results.  Purchased materials and parts include raw materials, partially processed materials, such as castings, and finished components manufactured by independent suppliers.  Raw materials, partially processed materials and finished components make up approximately 90% of the cost of new trucks.  The value of major finished truck components manufactured by independent suppliers ranges from approximately 34% in Europe to approximately 87% in North America.  In addition to materials, the Company’s cost of sales includes labor and factory overhead, vehicle delivery and warranty.  Accordingly, except for certain factory overhead costs such as depreciation, property taxes and utilities, the Company’s cost of sales are highly correlated to sales.

The Company’s DAF subsidiary purchases fully assembled cabs from a competitor, Renault V.I., for its European light-duty product line pursuant to a joint product development and long-term supply contract.  Sales of trucks manufactured with these cabs amounted to approximately 3% of consolidated revenues in 2017.  A short-term loss of supply, and the resulting interruption in the production of these trucks, would not have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations.  However, a loss of supply for an extended period of time would require the Company to either contract for an alternative source of supply or to manufacture cabs itself.  

Other than these components, the Company is not limited to any single source for any significant component, although the sudden inability of a supplier to deliver components could have a temporary adverse effect on production of certain products. No significant shortages of materials or components were experienced in 2017. Manufacturing inventory levels are based upon production schedules, and orders are placed with suppliers accordingly.

Key factors affecting Truck segment earnings include the number of new trucks sold in the markets served and the margins realized on the sales.  The Company’s sales of new trucks are dependent on the size of the truck markets served and the Company’s share of those markets.  Truck segment sales and margins tend to be cyclical based on the level of overall economic activity, the availability of capital and the amount of freight being transported. The Company’s costs for trucks consist primarily of material costs, which are influenced by the price of commodities such as steel, copper, aluminum and petroleum. The Company utilizes long-term supply agreements to reduce the variability of the unit cost of purchased materials and finished components. The Company’s spending on research and development varies based on product development cycles and government requirements such as changes to diesel engine emissions and vehicle fuel efficiency standards in the various markets served.  The Company maintains rigorous control of selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses and seeks to minimize such costs.

There are four principal competitors in the U.S. and Canada commercial truck market.  The Company’s share of the U.S. and Canadian Class 8 market was a record 30.7% of retail sales in 2017, and the Company’s medium-duty market share was 17.1%.  In Europe, there are six principal competitors in the commercial truck market, including parent companies to two competitors of the Company in the U.S.  In 2017, DAF had a 15.3% share of the European heavy-duty market and a 10.5% share of the light/medium market.  These markets are highly competitive in price, quality and service. PACCAR is not dependent on any single customer for its sales.  There are no significant seasonal variations in sales.

The Peterbilt, Kenworth and DAF nameplates are recognized internationally and play an important role in the marketing of the Company’s truck products.  The Company engages in a continuous program of trademark and trade name protection in all marketing areas of the world.

The Company’s truck products are subject to noise, emission and safety regulations.  Competing manufacturers are subject to the same regulations. The Company believes the cost of complying with these regulations will not be detrimental to its business.

The Company had a total production backlog of $6.4 billion at the end of 2017.  Within this backlog, orders scheduled for delivery within three months (90 days) are considered to be firm.  The 90‑day backlog approximated $4.0 billion at December 31, 2017, $2.1 billion at December 31, 2016 and $2.8 billion at December 31, 2015. Production of the year-end 2017 backlog is expected to be substantially completed during 2018.

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PARTS

The Parts segment includes the distribution of aftermarket parts for trucks and related commercial vehicles to over 2,100 Kenworth, Peterbilt and DAF dealers in 101 countries around the world.  Aftermarket truck parts are sold and delivered to the Company’s independent dealers through the Company’s 18 strategically located parts distribution centers (PDCs) in the U.S., Canada, Europe, Australia, Mexico and Central and South America.  Parts are primarily purchased from various suppliers and also manufactured by the Company.  Aftermarket parts inventory levels are determined largely by anticipated customer demand and the need for timely delivery. The Parts segment accounted for 17% of total 2017 net sales and revenues.

Key factors affecting Parts segment earnings include the aftermarket parts sold in the markets served and the margins realized on the sales.  Aftermarket parts sales are influenced by the total number of the Company’s trucks in service and the average age and mileage of those trucks.  To reflect the benefit the Parts segment receives from costs incurred by the Truck segment, certain factory overhead, research and development, engineering and SG&A expenses are allocated from the Truck segment to the Parts segment.  The Company’s cost for parts sold consists primarily of material costs, which are influenced by the price of commodities such as steel, copper, aluminum and petroleum.  The Company utilizes long-term supply agreements to reduce the variability of the cost of parts sold.  The Company maintains rigorous control of SG&A expenses and seeks to minimize such costs.

FINANCIAL SERVICES

PACCAR Financial Services (PFS) operates in 24 countries in North America, Europe, Australia and South America through wholly owned finance companies operating under the PACCAR Financial trade name.  PFS also conducts full service leasing operations through operating divisions or wholly owned subsidiaries in North America, Germany and Australia under the PacLease trade name.  Selected dealers in North America are franchised to provide full service leasing.  PFS provides its franchisees with equipment financing and administrative support.  PFS also operates its own full service lease outlets.  PFS’s retail loan and lease customers consist of small, medium and large commercial trucking companies, independent owner/operators and other businesses and acquire their PACCAR trucks principally from independent PACCAR dealers.  PFS accounted for 7% of total net sales and revenues and 56% of total assets in 2017.

The Company’s finance receivables are classified as dealer wholesale, dealer retail and customer retail segments.  The dealer wholesale segment consists of truck inventory financing to independent PACCAR dealers.  The dealer retail segment consists of loans and leases to participating dealers and franchises, which use the proceeds to fund their customers’ acquisition of trucks and related equipment.  The customer retail segment consists of loans and leases directly to customers for their acquisition of trucks and related equipment.  Customer retail receivables are further segregated by fleet and owner/operator classes.  The fleet class consists of customers operating more than five trucks.  All others are considered owner/operators.  Similar methods are employed to assess and monitor credit risk for each class.

Finance receivables are secured by the trucks and related equipment being financed or leased.  The terms of loan and lease contracts generally range from three to five years depending on the type and use of equipment. Payment is required on dealer inventory financing when the floored truck is sold to a customer or upon maturity of the flooring loan, whichever comes first.  Dealer inventory loans generally mature within one year.

The Company funds its financial services activities primarily from collections on existing finance receivables and borrowings in the capital markets.  The primary sources of borrowings in the capital markets are commercial paper and medium-term notes issued in public and private offerings and, to a lesser extent, bank loans.  An additional source of funds is loans from other PACCAR companies.  PFS attempts to match the maturity and interest rate characteristics of its debt with the maturity and interest rate characteristics of loans and leases.

Key factors affecting the earnings of the Financial Services segment include the volume of new loans and leases, the yield earned on the loans and leases, the costs of funding investments in loans and leases and the ability to collect the amounts owed to PFS.  New loan and lease volume is dependent on the volume of new trucks sold by Kenworth, Peterbilt and DAF and the share of those truck sales that are financed by the Financial Services segment.  The Company’s Financial Services market share is influenced by the extent of competition in the financing market.  PFS’s primary competitors include commercial banks and independent finance and leasing companies.

The revenue earned on loans and leases depends on market interest and lease rates and the ability of PFS to differentiate itself from the competition by superior industry knowledge and customer service.  Dealer inventory loans have variable rates with rates reset monthly based on an index pertaining to the applicable local market.  Retail loan and lease contracts normally have fixed rates over the contract term.  PFS obtains funds either through fixed rate borrowings or through variable rate borrowings, a portion of which have been effectively converted to fixed rate through the use of interest-rate contracts.  This enables PFS to obtain a stable spread between the

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cost of borrowing and the yield on fixed rate contracts over the contract term.  Included in Financial Services cost of revenues is depreciation on equipment on operating leases.  The amount of depreciation on operating leases principally depends on the acquisition cost of leased equipment, the term of the leases, which generally ranges from three to five years, and the residual value of the leases, which generally ranges from 30% to 60%.  The margin earned is the difference between the revenues on loan and lease contracts and the direct costs of operation, including interest and depreciation.

PFS incurs credit losses when customers are unable to pay the full amounts due under loan and finance lease contracts.  PFS takes a conservative approach to underwriting new retail business in order to minimize credit losses.

The ability of customers to pay their obligations to PFS depends on the state of the general economy, the extent of freight demand, freight rates and the cost of fuel, among other factors.  PFS limits its exposure to any one customer, with no one customer or dealer balance representing over 5% of the aggregate portfolio assets.  PFS generally requires a down payment and secures its interest in the underlying truck collateral and may require other collateral or guarantees.  In the event of default, PFS will repossess the truck and sell it in the open market primarily through its dealer network as well as PFS used truck centers. PFS will also seek to recover any shortfall between the amounts owed and the amounts recovered from sale of the collateral.  The amount of credit losses depends on the rate of default on loans and finance leases and, in the event of repossession, the ability to recover the amount owed from sale of the collateral which is affected by used truck prices.  PFS’s experience over the last fifty years financing truck sales has been that periods of economic weakness result in higher past dues and increased rates of repossession. Used truck prices also tend to fall during periods of economic weakness. As a result, credit losses tend to increase during periods of economic weakness.  PFS provides an allowance for credit losses based on specifically identified customer risks and an analysis of estimated losses inherent in the portfolio, considering the amount of past due accounts, the trends of used truck prices and the economic environment in each of its markets.

Financial Services SG&A expenses consist primarily of personnel costs associated with originating and servicing the loan and lease portfolios.  These costs vary somewhat depending on overall levels of business activity, but given the ongoing nature of servicing activities, tend to be relatively stable.

OTHER BUSINESSES

Other businesses include the manufacturing of industrial winches in two U.S. plants and marketing them under the Braden, Carco and Gearmatic nameplates. The markets for these products are highly competitive, and the Company competes with a number of well established firms.  Sales of industrial winches were less than 1% of total net sales and revenues in 2017, 2016 and 2015.

The Braden, Carco and Gearmatic trademarks and trade names are recognized internationally and play an important role in the marketing of those products.

PATENTS

The Company owns numerous patents which relate to all product lines.  Although these patents are considered important to the overall conduct of the Company's business, no patent or group of patents is considered essential to a material part of the Company's business.

REGULATION

As a manufacturer of highway trucks, the Company is subject to the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act and Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards promulgated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration as well as environmental laws and regulations in the United States, and is subject to similar regulations in all countries where it has operations and where its trucks are distributed. In addition, the Company is subject to certain other licensing requirements to do business in the United States and Europe.  The Company believes it is in compliance with laws and regulations applicable to safety standards, the environment and other licensing requirements in all countries where it has operations and where its trucks are distributed.

Information regarding the effects that compliance with international, federal, state and local provisions regulating the environment have on the Company's capital and operating expenditures and the Company's involvement in environmental cleanup activities is included in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements in Items 7 and 8, respectively.

EMPLOYEES

On December 31, 2017, the Company had approximately 25,000 employees.

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OTHER DISCLOSURES

The Company’s filings on Forms 10‑K, 10‑Q and 8‑K and any amendments to those reports can be found on the Company’s website www.paccar.com free of charge as soon as practicable after the report is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).  The information on the Company’s website is not incorporated by reference into this report.  In addition, the Company’s reports filed with the SEC can be found at www.sec.gov.

The following are significant risks which could have a material negative impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

Business and Industry Risks

Commercial Truck Market Demand is Variable.  The Company’s business is highly sensitive to global and national economic conditions as well as economic conditions in the industries and markets it serves. Negative economic conditions and outlook can materially weaken demand for the Company’s equipment and services.  The yearly demand for commercial vehicles may increase or decrease more than overall gross domestic product in markets the Company serves, which are principally North America and Europe.  Demand for commercial vehicles may also be affected by the introduction of new vehicles and technologies by the Company or its competitors.  

Competition and Prices.  The Company operates in a highly competitive environment, which could adversely affect the Company’s sales and pricing.  Financial results depend largely on the ability to develop, manufacture and market competitive products that profitably meet customer demand.  

Production Costs and Supplier Capacity.  The Company’s products are exposed to variability in material and commodity costs.  Commodity or component price increases and significant shortages of component products may adversely impact the Company’s financial results or use of its production capacity. Many of the Company’s suppliers also supply automotive manufacturers, and factors that adversely affect the automotive industry can also have adverse effects on these suppliers and the Company.  Supplier delivery performance can be adversely affected if increased demand for these suppliers’ products exceeds their production capacity.  Unexpected events, including natural disasters, may increase the Company’s cost of doing business or disrupt the Company’s or its suppliers’ operations.

Liquidity Risks, Credit Ratings and Costs of Funds.  Disruptions or volatility in global financial markets could limit the Company’s sources of liquidity, or the liquidity of customers, dealers and suppliers.  A lowering of the Company’s credit ratings could increase the cost of borrowing and adversely affect access to capital markets.  The Company’s Financial Services segment obtains funds for its operations from commercial paper, medium-term notes and bank debt.  If the markets for commercial paper, medium-term notes and bank debt do not provide the necessary liquidity in the future, the Financial Services segment may experience increased costs or may have to limit its financing of retail and wholesale assets.  This could result in a reduction of the number of vehicles the Company is able to produce and sell to customers.  

The Financial Services Industry is Highly Competitive. The Company’s Financial Services segment competes with banks, other commercial finance companies and financial services firms which may have lower costs of borrowing, higher leverage or market share goals that result in a willingness to offer lower interest rates, which may lead to decreased margins, lower market share or both.  A decline in the Company’s truck unit sales and a decrease in truck residual values due to lower used truck pricing are also factors which may affect the Company’s Financial Services segment.

The Financial Services Segment is Subject to Credit Risk.  The Financial Services segment is exposed to the risk of loss arising from the failure of a customer, dealer or counterparty to meet the terms of the loans, leases and derivative contracts with the Company.  Although the financial assets of the Financial Services segment are secured by underlying equipment collateral, in the event a customer cannot meet its obligations to the Company, there is a risk that the value of the underlying collateral will not be sufficient to recover the amounts owed to the Company, resulting in credit losses.

Interest-Rate Risks.  The Financial Services segment is subject to interest-rate risks, because increases in interest rates can reduce demand for its products, increase borrowing costs and potentially reduce interest margins.  PFS uses derivative contracts to match the interest rate characteristics of its debt to the interest rate characteristics of its finance receivables in order to mitigate the risk of changing interest rates.

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Information Technology.  The Company relies on information technology systems, including the internet and other computer systems, which may be subject to disruptions during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases or components; power outages; hardware failures; computer viruses; or outside parties attempting to disrupt the Company’s business or gain unauthorized access to the Company’s electronic data.  The Company maintains protections to guard against such events.  If the Company’s computer systems were to be damaged, disrupted or breached, it could result in a negative impact on the Company’s operating results and could also cause reputational damage, business disruption or the disclosure of confidential data.

Political, Regulatory and Economic Risks

Multinational Operations.  The Company’s global operations are exposed to political, economic and other risks and events beyond its control in the countries in which the Company operates. The Company may be adversely affected by political instabilities, fuel shortages or interruptions in utility or transportation systems, natural calamities, wars, terrorism and labor strikes.  Changes in government monetary or fiscal policies and international trade policies may impact demand for the Company’s products, financial results and competitive position. PACCAR’s global operations are subject to extensive trade, competition and anti-corruption laws and regulations that could impose significant compliance costs.

Environmental Regulations.  The Company’s operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations that impose significant compliance costs. The Company could experience higher research and development and manufacturing costs due to changes in government requirements for its products, including changes in emissions, fuel, greenhouse gas or other regulations.

Litigation, Product Liability and Regulatory. The Company’s products are subject to recall for environmental, performance and safety-related issues.  Product recalls, lawsuits, regulatory actions or increases in the reserves the Company establishes for contingencies may increase the Company’s costs and lower profits. Due to the international nature of the Company’s business, some products are also subject to international trade regulations, including customs and import / export related laws and regulations, government embargoes and sanctions prohibiting sales to specific persons or countries, as well as anticorruption laws. The Company’s reputation and its brand names are valuable assets, and claims or regulatory actions, even if unsuccessful or without merit, could adversely affect the Company’s reputation and brand images because of adverse publicity.  

Currency Exchange and Translation.  The Company’s consolidated financial results are reported in U.S. dollars, while significant operations are denominated in the currencies of other countries.  Currency exchange rate fluctuations can affect the Company’s assets, liabilities and results of operations through both translation and transaction risk, as reported in the Company’s financial statements.  The Company uses certain derivative financial instruments and localized production of its products to reduce, but not eliminate, the effects of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.

Accounting Estimates.  In the preparation of the Company’s financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, management uses estimates and makes judgments and assumptions that affect asset and liability values and the amounts reported as income and expense during the periods presented. Certain of these estimates, judgments and assumptions, such as residual values on operating leases, the allowance for credit losses, warranty and the provision for income taxes, are particularly sensitive.  If actual results are different from estimates used by management, they may have a material impact on the financial statements.  For additional disclosures regarding accounting estimates, see “Critical Accounting Policies” under Item 7 of this Form 10-K.

Taxes.  Changes in statutory income tax rates in the countries in which the Company operates impact the Company’s effective tax rate.  Changes to other taxes or the adoption of other new tax legislation could affect the Company’s provision for income taxes and related tax assets and liabilities.

None.

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The Company and its subsidiaries own and operate manufacturing plants in five U.S. states, three countries in Europe, and in Australia, Brasil, Canada and Mexico.  The Company also has 18 parts distribution centers, many sales and service offices, and finance and administrative offices which are operated in owned or leased premises in these and other locations.  Facilities for product testing and research and development are located in Washington state and the Netherlands.  The Company's corporate headquarters is located in owned premises in Bellevue, Washington.  The Company considers all of the properties used by its businesses to be suitable for their intended purposes.

The Company invests in facilities, equipment and processes to provide manufacturing and warehouse capacity to meet its customers’ needs and improve operating performance.  

The following summarizes the number of the Company’s manufacturing plants and parts distribution centers by geographical location within indicated industry segments:

 

 

On July 19, 2016, the European Commission (EC) concluded its investigation of all major European truck manufacturers and reached a settlement with DAF. Following the settlement, claims and lawsuits have been filed against the Company, DAF and certain DAF subsidiaries and other truck manufacturers. Others may bring EC related claims and lawsuits against the Company or its subsidiaries. While the Company believes it has meritorious defenses, such claims and lawsuits will likely take a significant period of time to resolve. An adverse outcome of such proceedings could have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations.

The Company and its subsidiaries are parties to various other lawsuits incidental to the ordinary course of business. Management believes that the disposition of such lawsuits will not materially affect the Company's business or financial condition.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Market Information, Holders and Dividends.

Common stock of the Company is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol PCAR. The table below reflects the range of trading prices as reported by The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC and cash dividends declared.  There were 1,587 record holders of the common stock at December 31, 2017.

 

 

The Company expects to continue paying regular cash dividends, although there is no assurance as to future dividends because they are dependent upon future earnings, capital requirements and financial conditions.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans.

The following table provides information as of December 31, 2017 regarding compensation plans under which PACCAR equity securities are authorized for issuance.

 

 

All stock compensation plans have been approved by the stockholders.

The number of securities to be issued includes those issuable under the PACCAR Inc Long Term Incentive Plan (LTI Plan) and the Restricted Stock and Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors (RSDC Plan). Securities to be issued include 377,676 shares that represent deferred cash awards payable in stock. The weighted-average exercise price does not include the securities that represent deferred cash awards.

Securities available for future grant are authorized under the following two plans: (i) 13,207,080 shares under the LTI Plan, and (ii) 812,307 shares under the RSDC Plan.

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Stockholder Return Performance Graph.

The following line graph compares the yearly percentage change in the cumulative total stockholder return on the Company's common stock, to the cumulative total return of the Standard & Poor's Composite 500 Stock Index and the return of the industry peer groups of companies identified in the graph (the “Peer Group Index”) for the last five fiscal years ended December 31, 2017. Standard & Poor's has calculated a return for each company in the Peer Group Index weighted according to its respective capitalization at the beginning of each period with dividends reinvested on a monthly basis.  Management believes that the identified companies and methodology used in the graph for the Peer Group Index provide a better comparison than other indices available.  The Peer Group Index consists of AGCO Corporation, Caterpillar Inc., Cummins Inc., Dana Incorporated, Deere & Company, Eaton Corporation, Meritor Inc., Navistar International Corporation, Oshkosh Corporation, AB Volvo and CNH Industrial N.V.  CNH Industrial N.V. is included from September 30, 2013, when it began trading on the New York Stock Exchange. The comparison assumes that $100 was invested December 31, 2012, in the Company's common stock and in the stated indices and assumes reinvestment of dividends.

 

 

 

 

Not applicable.

On September 23, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a plan to repurchase up to $300 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock. As of December 31, 2017, the Company repurchased 4.1 million shares for $206.7 million under this plan. There were no repurchases under this plan for the year ended December 31, 2017.

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OVERVIEW:

PACCAR is a global technology company whose Truck segment includes the design and manufacture of high-quality light-, medium- and heavy-duty commercial trucks. In North America, trucks are sold under the Kenworth and Peterbilt nameplates, in Europe, under the DAF nameplate and in Australia and South America, under the Kenworth and DAF nameplates. The Parts segment includes the distribution of aftermarket parts for trucks and related commercial vehicles. The Company’s Financial Services segment derives its earnings primarily from financing or leasing PACCAR products in North America, Europe and Australia. The Company’s Other business includes the manufacturing and marketing of industrial winches.

2017 Financial Highlights

 

The Company opened the PACCAR Innovation Center in Sunnyvale, California in the third quarter of 2017. The advanced technology research and development center coordinates next-generation product development and identifies emerging technologies to enhance future vehicle performance. Technology areas of focus include advanced driver assistance systems, artificial intelligence, vehicle connectivity and powertrain electrification.

 

In the third quarter of 2017, the Company launched a new proprietary 12-speed automated transmission in North America, the lightest transmission for Class 8 on-highway vehicles. The PACCAR automated transmission is designed to complement the superior performance of PACCAR MX engines and PACCAR axles. The transmission reduces vehicle weight by up to 105 pounds, enhances low-speed maneuverability through excellent gear ratio coverage, and contributes to increased customer uptime with its industry-leading 750,000 mile oil change interval.

 

The Company is constructing a new 160,000 square-foot Parts distribution center in Toronto, Canada. The $35 million facility is expected to open in mid-2018. PACCAR Parts opened new distribution centers in Brisbane, Australia and Panama City, Panama during the fourth quarter of 2017.

 

The Company’s Dynacraft division is constructing a new 130,000 square-foot manufacturing facility in McKinney, Texas to manufacture components and subassemblies such as battery cables, door assemblies and air conditioning assemblies for Kenworth and Peterbilt trucks. The facility will support Peterbilt’s operations in Denton, Texas and manufacture PACCAR’s new 20,000-pound front axle for Peterbilt and Kenworth Class 8 trucks.

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The Company’s Kenworth division will collaborate with the PACCAR Technical Center and the Company’s DAF division to launch its U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) SuperTruck II program. The five-year project will utilize the Kenworth T680 with a 76-inch sleeper and the fuel-efficient PACCAR MX-13 engine with the goal to double Class 8 vehicle freight efficiency and achieve greenhouse gas emissions requirements effective in 2021, 2024 and 2027.

 

Beginning in the first quarter of 2018, the Company’s DAF division will participate in a two-year truck platooning trial organized by the United Kingdom Department for Transport. The trial is organized to demonstrate that wirelessly-linked truck combinations, or platoons, can deliver improved efficiency to the transportation industry by lowering fuel consumption, reducing CO2 emissions, improving traffic flow and contributing to increased road safety.

Truck Outlook

Truck industry retail sales in the U.S. and Canada in 2018 are expected to be 235,000 to 265,000 units compared to 218,400 in 2017. In Europe, the 2018 truck industry registrations for over 16-tonne vehicles are expected to be 290,000 to 320,000 units compared to 306,100 in 2017. In South America, heavy-duty truck industry sales were 68,700 units in 2017 and in 2018 are estimated to be in a range of 65,000 to 75,000 units.

Parts Outlook

In 2018, PACCAR Parts sales are expected to grow 5-8% compared to 2017 sales.

Financial Services Outlook

Based on the truck market outlook, average earning assets in 2018 are expected to increase 2-4% compared to 2017. Current good levels of freight tonnage, freight rates and fleet utilization are contributing to customers’ profitability and cash flow. If current freight transportation conditions decline due to weaker economic conditions, then past due accounts, truck repossessions and credit losses would likely increase from the current low levels and new business volume would likely decline.

Capital Spending and R&D Outlook

Capital investments in 2018 are expected to be $425 to $475 million, and R&D is expected to be $280 to $310 million. The Company is investing in new truck models, integrated powertrain, enhanced aerodynamic truck designs, advanced driver assistance and truck connectivity technologies, and expanded manufacturing and parts distribution facilities.

See the Forward-Looking Statements section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis for factors that may affect these outlooks.

 

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS:

 

 

The following provides an analysis of the results of operations for the Company’s three reportable segments - Truck, Parts and Financial Services. Where possible, the Company has quantified the impact of factors identified in the following discussion and analysis. In cases where it is not possible to quantify the impact of factors, the Company lists them in estimated order of importance. Factors for which the Company is unable to specifically quantify the impact include market demand, fuel prices, freight tonnage and economic conditions affecting the Company’s results of operations.

2017 Compared to 2016:

Truck

The Company’s Truck segment accounted for 76% of revenue in 2017 compared to 75% in 2016.  

The Company’s new truck deliveries are summarized below:

 

 

In 2017, industry retail sales in the heavy-duty market in the U.S. and Canada increased to 218,400 units from 215,700 units in 2016. The Company’s heavy-duty truck retail market share increased to 30.7% in 2017 from 28.5% in 2016. The medium-duty market was 81,300 units in 2017 compared to 85,600 units in 2016. The Company’s medium-duty market share was 17.1% in 2017 compared to 16.2% in 2016.

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The over 16‑tonne truck market in Europe in 2017 increased to 306,100 units from 302,500 units in 2016, and DAF’s market share decreased to 15.3% in 2017 from 15.5% in 2016. The 6 to 16‑tonne market in 2017 decreased to 52,600 units from 52,900 units in 2016. DAF market share in the 6 to 16-tonne market in 2017 increased to 10.5% from 10.1% in 2016.  

The Company’s worldwide truck net sales and revenues are summarized below:

 

 

The Company’s worldwide truck net sales and revenues increased to $14.77 billion in 2017 from $12.77 billion in 2016, primarily reflecting higher truck deliveries in the U.S. and Canada, Europe and Australia. Truck segment income before income taxes in 2017 reflects higher truck deliveries, while pre-tax return on revenues were unchanged at the higher volumes due to a lower gross margin percentage.

The major factors for the changes in net sales and revenues, cost of sales and revenues and gross margin between 2017 and 2016 for the Truck segment are as follows:

 

 

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Truck selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) for 2017 increased to $206.5 million from $202.5 million in 2016. The increase was primarily due to higher professional fees and salaries and related expenses, partially offset by lower sales and marketing expenses. As a percentage of sales, Truck SG&A decreased to 1.4% in 2017 from 1.6% in 2016 due to higher net sales.

 

Parts

The Company’s Parts segment accounted for 17% of revenues in 2017 compared to 18% in 2016.  

 

 

The Company’s worldwide parts net sales and revenues increased to a record $3.33 billion in 2017 from $3.01 billion in 2016, due to higher aftermarket demand and successful marketing programs in all markets. The increase in Parts segment income before income taxes and pre-tax return on revenues in 2017 was primarily due to higher sales volume.

 

The major factors for the changes in net sales, cost of sales and gross margin between 2017 and 2016 for the Parts segment are as follows:

 

 

Parts SG&A expense for 2017 was $195.0 million compared to $191.7 million in 2016 primarily due to higher salaries and related expenses. As a percentage of sales, Parts SG&A was 5.9% in 2017, down from 6.4% in 2016, due to higher net sales.

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Financial Services

The Company’s Financial Services segment accounted for 7% of revenues in 2017 and 2016.  

 

 

New loan and lease volume was $4.33 billion in 2017 compared to $4.22 billion in 2016, primarily due to higher truck deliveries in 2017. PFS finance market share on new PACCAR truck sales was 24.9% in 2017 compared to 26.7% in 2016.

PFS revenues increased to $1.27 billion in 2017 from $1.19 billion in 2016. The increase was primarily due to higher average operating lease earning assets, and higher used truck sales, partially offset by unfavorable effects of currency translation, which decreased PFS revenues by $.6 million in 2017.

PFS income before income taxes decreased to $264.0 million in 2017 from $306.5 million in 2016, primarily due to lower results on returned lease assets, higher borrowing rates, a higher provision for losses on receivables, and the effects of translating weaker foreign currencies to the U.S. dollar, partially offset by higher average earning asset balances. The currency exchange impact decreased PFS income before income taxes by $1.2 million in 2017.

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Included in Financial Services “Other Assets” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets are used trucks held for sale, net of impairments, of $221.7 million at December 31, 2017 and $267.2 million at December 31, 2016. These trucks are primarily units returned from matured operating leases in the ordinary course of business, and also includes trucks acquired from repossessions or through acquisitions of used trucks in trades related to new truck sales.

The Company recognized losses on used trucks, excluding repossessions, of $45.1 million in 2017 compared to $16.4 million in 2016, including losses on multiple unit transactions of $29.2 million in 2017 compared to $6.8 million in 2016. Used truck losses related to repossessions, which are recognized as credit losses, were $5.1 million and $3.4 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The major factors for the changes in interest and fees, interest and other borrowing expenses and finance margin between 2017 and 2016 are outlined below:

 

 

The following table summarizes operating lease, rental and other revenues and depreciation and other expenses:

 

 

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The major factors for the changes in operating lease, rental and other revenues, depreciation and other expenses and lease margin between 2017 and 2016 are outlined below:

 

 

The following table summarizes the provision for losses on receivables and net charge-offs:

 

 

The provision for losses on receivables was $22.3 million in 2017, an increase of $3.9 million compared to 2016, reflecting higher portfolio balances in Mexico, Australia and other and Europe.

The Company modifies loans and finance leases as a normal part of its Financial Services operations. The Company may modify loans and finance leases for commercial reasons or for credit reasons. Modifications for commercial reasons are changes to contract terms for customers that are not considered to be in financial difficulty. Insignificant delays are modifications extending terms up to three months for customers experiencing some short-term financial stress, but not considered to be in financial difficulty. Modifications for credit reasons are changes to contract terms for customers considered to be in financial difficulty. The Company’s modifications typically result in granting more time to pay the contractual amounts owed and charging a fee and interest for the term of the modification. When considering whether to modify customer accounts for credit reasons, the Company evaluates the creditworthiness of the customers and modifies those accounts that the Company considers likely to perform under the modified terms. When the Company modifies loans and finance leases for credit reasons and grants a concession, the modifications are classified as troubled debt restructurings (TDR).  

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The post-modification balance of accounts modified during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 are summarized below:

 

 

In 2017, total modification activity decreased compared to 2016, reflecting lower volumes of refinancing for commercial reasons, primarily in the U.S. The decrease in modifications for insignificant delay reflects fewer fleet customers requesting payment relief for up to three months. Credit - TDR modifications decreased to $20.5 million in 2017 from $31.6 million in 2016 mainly due to the contract modifications for two fleet customers in 2016.

The following table summarizes the Company’s 30+ days past due accounts:

 

 

Accounts 30+ days past due were .5% at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, reflecting lower past dues in Europe as well as Mexico, Australia and other, offset by an increase in the U.S. and Canada. The Company continues to focus on maintaining low past due balances.

When the Company modifies a 30+ days past due account, the customer is then generally considered current under the revised contractual terms. The Company modified $.6 million and $2.6 million of accounts worldwide during the fourth quarter of 2017 and the fourth quarter of 2016, respectively, which were 30+ days past due and became current at the time of modification. Had these accounts not been modified and continued to not make payments, the pro forma percentage of retail loan and lease accounts 30+ days past due would have been as follows:

 

 

Modifications of accounts in prior quarters that were more than 30 days past due at the time of modification are included in past dues if they were not performing under the modified terms at December 31, 2017 and 2016. The effect on the allowance for credit losses from such modifications was not significant at December 31, 2017 and 2016.

The Company’s 2017 and 2016 annualized pre-tax return on average earning assets for Financial Services was 2.2% and 2.6%, respectively. The decrease was due primarily to higher losses on used trucks in 2017.

Other

Other includes the winch business as well as sales, income and expenses not attributable to a reportable segment, including the EC charge and a portion of corporate expense. Other sales represent less than 1% of consolidated net sales and revenues for 2017 and 2016. Other SG&A was $48.1 million in 2017 and $46.6 million in 2016. The increase in other SG&A was primarily due to higher labor related costs.

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Other income (loss) before tax was a loss of $37.1 million in 2017 compared to a loss of $873.3 million in 2016, which included the impact of the $833.0 million EC charge.

Investment income increased to $35.3 million in 2017 from $27.6 million in 2016, primarily due to higher average U.S. portfolio balances and higher yields on U.S. investments due to higher market interest rates.

Income Taxes

In 2017, the effective tax rate was 22.9% compared to 53.8% in 2016. The lower rate is due to the 2017 one-time impact from the change in U.S. tax law as explained below, and the unfavorable 2016 impact of the one-time non-deductible expense of $833.0 million for the EC charge.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted new federal income tax legislation, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Tax Act”). The Tax Act lowered the U.S. statutory income tax rate from 35% to 21%, imposed a one-time transition tax on the Company’s foreign earnings, which previously, had been deferred from U.S. income tax and created a modified territorial system. As a result, the Company recorded a provisional amount of $304.0 million of deferred tax benefits, due to the re-measurement of net deferred tax liabilities at the new lower statutory tax rate. In addition, the Company recorded a provisional amount of $130.6 million of tax expense on the Company’s foreign earnings, which previously had been deferred from U.S. income tax. These provisional amounts may change in 2018, as new information becomes available, as the Tax Act continues to be interpreted and as new technical guidance is issued. Based on the Company’s current operations, the Company does not expect its future foreign earnings will be subject to significant U.S. federal income tax as a result of the new modified territorial system. The Company’s effective tax rate for 2018 is estimated at 23% to 25%, reflecting the reduced federal tax rate of 21% and other provisions of the Act.

 

 

In 2017, the improvement in domestic income before taxes was due to higher truck deliveries and improved aftermarket demand. Foreign income (loss) before taxes improved due to stronger truck and aftermarket demand as well as the 2016 impact of the $833.0 million EC charge.

 

2016 Compared to 2015:

Truck

The Company’s Truck segment accounted for 75% of revenue in 2016 compared to 77% in 2015.

The Company’s new truck deliveries are summarized below:

 

 

In 2016, industry retail sales in the heavy-duty market in the U.S. and Canada decreased to 215,700 units from 278,400 units in 2015. The Company’s heavy-duty truck retail market share increased to 28.5% in 2016 from 27.4% in 2015. The medium-duty market was 85,600 units in 2016 compared to 80,200 units in 2015. The Company’s medium-duty market share was 16.2% in 2016 compared to 17.0% in 2015.

The over 16‑tonne truck market in Europe in 2016 increased to 302,500 units from 269,100 units in 2015, and DAF’s market share increased to 15.5% in 2016 from 14.6% in 2015. The 6 to 16‑tonne market in 2016 increased to 52,900 units from 49,000 units in 2015. DAF market share in the 6 to 16-tonne market in 2016 increased to 10.1% from 9.0% in 2015.  

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The Company’s worldwide truck net sales and revenues are summarized below:

 

 

The Company’s worldwide truck net sales and revenues decreased to $12.77 billion in 2016 from $14.78 billion in 2015, primarily due to lower truck deliveries in the U.S. and Canada, partially offset by higher truck deliveries in Europe. Truck segment income before income taxes and pre-tax return on revenues decreased in 2016, reflecting the lower truck unit deliveries and lower margins.

The major factors for the changes in net sales and revenues, cost of sales and revenues and gross margin between 2016 and 2015 for the Truck segment are as follows:

 

 

Truck selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) for 2016 increased to $202.5 million from $192.6 million in 2015. The increase was primarily due to higher salaries and related expenses. As a percentage of sales, Truck SG&A increased to 1.6% in 2016 compared to 1.3% in 2015, reflecting the lower sales volume.

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Parts

The Company’s Parts segment accounted for 18% of revenues in 2016 compared to 16% in 2015.  

 

 

The Company’s worldwide parts net sales and revenues decreased to $3.01 billion in 2016 from $3.06 billion in 2015, primarily due to lower aftermarket demand in North America and the effect of translating weaker foreign currencies into the U.S. dollar. The decrease in Parts segment income before income taxes and pre-tax return on revenues in 2016 was primarily due to lower sales volume and margins in North America and the effect of translating weaker foreign currencies into the U.S. dollar.

The major factors for the changes in net sales, cost of sales and gross margin between 2016 and 2015 for the Parts segment are as follows:

 

 

Parts SG&A expense for 2016 was $191.7 million compared to $194.7 million in 2015. As a percentage of sales, Parts SG&A was 6.4% in 2016 and 2015, reflecting lower sales offset by ongoing cost control.

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Financial Services

The Company’s Financial Services segment accounted for 7% of revenues in 2016 compared to 6% in 2015.  

 

 

New loan and lease volume was $4.22 billion in 2016 compared to $4.44 billion in 2015, primarily due to lower truck deliveries in the U.S. and Canada. PFS finance market share on new PACCAR truck sales was 26.7% in 2016 compared to 25.9% in 2015.

PFS revenues increased to $1.19 billion in 2016 from $1.17 billion in 2015. The increase was primarily due to higher average earning asset balances, partially offset by the effects of translating weaker foreign currencies to the U.S. dollar. The effects of currency translation lowered PFS revenues by $27.1 million for 2016.

PFS income before income taxes decreased to $306.5 million in 2016 from $362.6 million in 2015, primarily due to lower results on returned lease assets, higher borrowing rates, the effects of translating weaker foreign currencies to the U.S. dollar and a higher provision for losses on receivables, partially offset by higher average earning asset balances. The effects of currency translation lowered PFS income before income taxes by $9.7 million for 2016.

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The major factors for the changes in interest and fees, interest and other borrowing expenses and finance margin between 2016 and 2015 are outlined below:

 

 

The following table summarizes operating lease, rental and other revenues and depreciation and other expenses:

 

 

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The major factors for the changes in operating lease, rental and other revenues, depreciation and other expenses and lease margin between 2016 and 2015 are outlined below:

 

 

The following table summarizes the provision for losses on receivables and net charge-offs:

 

 

The provision for losses on receivables was $18.4 million in 2016, an increase of $6.0 million compared to 2015, reflecting higher losses in the oil and gas sector in the U.S. and Canada, partially offset by improved portfolio performance in Europe.

The Company modifies loans and finance leases as a normal part of its Financial Services operations. The Company may modify loans and finance leases for commercial reasons or for credit reasons. Modifications for commercial reasons are changes to contract terms for customers that are not considered to be in financial difficulty. Insignificant delays are modifications extending terms up to three months for customers experiencing some short-term financial stress, but not considered to be in financial difficulty. Modifications for credit reasons are changes to contract terms for customers considered to be in financial difficulty. The Company’s modifications typically result in granting more time to pay the contractual amounts owed and charging a fee and interest for the term of the modification. When considering whether to modify customer accounts for credit reasons, the Company evaluates the creditworthiness of the customers and modifies those accounts that the Company considers likely to perform under the modified terms. When the Company modifies loans and finance leases for credit reasons and grants a concession, the modifications are classified as troubled debt restructurings (TDR).  

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The post-modification balance of accounts modified during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 are summarized below:

 

 

 

In 2016, total modification activity increased compared to 2015, primarily reflecting higher volume of refinancings for commercial reasons, including a contract modification for one large customer in the U.S. The increase in modifications for insignificant delay reflects more fleet customers requesting payment relief for up to three months. Credit - no concession modifications increased primarily due to extensions granted to one customer in Australia.

The following table summarizes the Company’s 30+ days past due accounts:

 

 

Accounts 30+ days past due were .5% at December 31, 2016 and 2015, reflecting lower past dues in Europe offset by higher past dues in Mexico. The Company continues to focus on maintaining low past due balances.

When the Company modifies a 30+ days past due account, the customer is then generally considered current under the revised contractual terms. The Company modified $2.6 million of accounts worldwide during the fourth quarter of 2016 and the fourth quarter of 2015 which were 30+ days past due and became current at the time of modification. Had these accounts not been modified and continued to not make payments, the pro forma percentage of retail loan and lease accounts 30+ days past due would have been as follows:

 

 

Modifications of accounts in prior quarters that were more than 30 days past due at the time of modification are included in past dues if they were not performing under the modified terms at December 31, 2016 and 2015. The effect on the allowance for credit losses from such modifications was not significant at December 31, 2016 and 2015.

The Company’s 2016 and 2015 annualized pre-tax return on average earning assets for Financial Services was 2.6% and 3.2%, respectively.

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Other

Other includes the winch business as well as sales, income and expenses not attributable to a reportable segment, including the EC charge and a portion of corporate expense. Other sales represent less than 1% of consolidated net sales and revenues for 2016 and 2015. Other SG&A was $46.6 million in 2016 and $58.7 million in 2015. The decrease in SG&A was primarily due to lower salaries and related expenses and lower professional fees. Other income (loss) before tax was a loss of $873.3 million in 2016 compared to a loss of $43.2 million in 2015. The higher loss in 2016 was primarily due to the EC charge and lower pre-tax results from the winch business, which has been affected by lower oilfield related sales, partially offset by lower SG&A expense.

Investment income increased to $27.6 million in 2016 from $21.8 million in 2015, primarily due to higher yields on investments due to higher market interest rates and higher realized gains.

Income Taxes

In 2016, the effective tax rate increased to 53.8% from 31.4% in 2015, and substantially all of the difference in tax rates was due to the non-deductible expense of $833.0 million for the EC charge in 2016.

 

 

In 2016, the decline in income before income taxes and return on revenues for domestic operations was primarily due to lower revenues from truck operations. In 2016, the EC charge of $833.0 million resulted in a loss before income taxes and a negative return on revenues for foreign operations. Excluding the EC charge, foreign operations income before income taxes and return on revenues increased primarily due to higher revenues from European truck operations as a result of improved truck volumes and margins in Europe.

 

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES:

 

 

The Company’s total cash and marketable debt securities at December 31, 2017 increased $675.2 million from the balances at December 31, 2016, mainly due to an increase in cash and cash equivalents.

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The change in cash and cash equivalents is summarized below:

 

 

2017 Compared to 2016:

Operating activities:  Cash provided by operations increased by $415.0 million to $2.72 billion in 2017. Higher operating cash flows reflect higher net income of $1.68 billion in 2017, compared to net income of $521.7 million in 2016, which includes payment of the $833.0 million EC charge. In addition, there were higher cash inflows of $342.2 million from accounts payable and accrued expenses as purchases of goods and services exceeded payments. The higher cash inflows were offset by wholesale receivables on new trucks of $673.6 million as originations exceeded cash receipts in 2017 ($272.0 million) compared to cash receipts exceeding originations in 2016 ($401.6 million). Additionally, there was a higher cash usage of $214.0 million from inventory due to $149.9 million in net inventory purchases in 2017 versus $64.1 million in net inventory reductions in 2016. Finally, there was a higher cash outflow for payment of income taxes of $160.0 million.

Investing activities:  Cash used in investing activities increased by $400.3 million to $1.96 billion in 2017 from $1.56 billion in 2016. Higher net cash used in investing activities reflects $463.7 million in marketable debt securities as there was $190.8 million in net purchases of marketable debt securities in 2017 compared to $272.9 million in net proceeds from sales of marketable debt securities in 2016. In addition, there were higher net originations of retail loans and direct financing leases of $87.0 million in 2017 compared to 2016. The outflows were partially offset by lower cash used in the acquisitions of equipment for operating leases of $166.5 million.

Financing activities:  Cash used in financing activities was $393.8 million in 2017 compared to cash used in financing activities of $823.5 million in 2016. The Company paid $558.3 million in dividends in 2017 compared to $829.3 million in 2016; the decrease of $271.0 million was primarily due to a lower special dividend paid in January 2017 than the special dividend paid in January 2016. In 2016, the Company repurchased 1.4 million shares of common stock for $70.5 million, while there were no stock repurchases in 2017. In 2017, the Company issued $1.67 billion of term debt, increased its outstanding commercial paper and short-term bank loans by $352.1 million and repaid term debt of $1.90 billion. In 2016, the Company issued $1.99 billion of term debt, repaid term debt of $1.63 billion and reduced its outstanding commercial paper and short-term bank loans by $322.8 million. This resulted in cash provided by borrowing activities of $125.2 million in 2017, $78.3 million higher than the cash provided by borrowing activities of $46.9 million in 2016.

2016 Compared to 2015:

Operating activities:  Cash provided by operations decreased by $255.2 million to $2.30 billion in 2016. Lower operating cash flows reflect lower net income of $521.7 million in 2016, which includes payment of the $833.0 million EC charge, and higher pension contributions of $122.8 million. This was partially offset by $675.0 million from Financial Services segment wholesale receivables, whereby cash receipts exceeded originations in 2016 ($401.6 million) compared to originations exceeding cash receipts in 2015 ($273.4 million).  In addition, there was a lower cash outflow for payment of income taxes of $281.4 million.  

Investing activities:  Cash used in investing activities decreased by $410.6 million to $1.56 billion in 2016 from $1.97 billion in 2015. Lower net cash used in investing activities reflects $567.2 million from marketable debt securities as there was $272.9 million in net proceeds from sales of marketable debt securities in 2016 versus $294.3 million in net purchases of marketable debt securities in 2015 and higher net originations of retail loans and direct financing leases of $100.7 million. This was partially offset by higher cash used in the acquisitions of equipment for operating leases of $151.2 million and higher payments for property, plant and equipment of $88.5 million.

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Financing activities:  Cash used in financing activities was $823.5 million in 2016 compared to cash used in financing activities of $196.5 million in 2015. The Company paid $829.3 million in dividends in 2016 compared to $680.5 million in 2015; the increase of $148.8 million was primarily due to an increase for the 2015 special dividend paid in January 2016. In 2016, the Company issued $1.99 billion of term debt, repaid term debt of $1.63 billion and reduced its outstanding commercial paper and short-term bank loans by $322.8 million. In 2015, the Company issued $1.99 billion of term debt, increased its outstanding commercial paper and short-term bank loans by $250.7 million and repaid term debt of $1.58 billion. This resulted in cash provided by borrowing activities of $46.9 million in 2016, $616.9 million lower than the cash provided by borrowing activities of $663.8 million in 2015. The Company repurchased 1.4 million shares of common stock for $70.5 million in 2016 compared to 3.8 million shares for $201.6 million in 2015, a decline of $131.1 million.

Credit Lines and Other:

The Company has line of credit arrangements of $3.52 billion, of which $3.31 billion were unused at December 31, 2017. Included in these arrangements are $3.0 billion of syndicated bank facilities, of which $1.0 billion expires in June 2018, $1.0 billion expires in June 2021 and $1.0 billion expires in June 2022. The Company intends to replace these credit facilities on or before expiration with facilities of similar amounts and duration. These credit facilities are maintained primarily to provide backup liquidity for commercial paper borrowings and maturing medium-term notes. There were no borrowings under the syndicated bank facilities for the year ended December 31, 2017.

On September 23, 2015, PACCAR’s Board of Directors approved the repurchase of up to $300.0 million of the Company’s common stock, and as of December 31, 2017, $206.7 million of shares have been repurchased pursuant to the 2015 authorization.

At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had cash and cash equivalents and marketable debt securities of $1.84 billion and $1.33 billion, respectively, which are reinvested in foreign subsidiaries. The Company periodically repatriates foreign earnings. Dividends paid by foreign subsidiaries to the U.S. parent were nil, $.33 billion and $.24 billion in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company believes that its U.S. cash and cash equivalents and marketable debt securities, future operating cash flow and access to the capital markets, along with periodic repatriation of foreign earnings, will be sufficient to meet U.S. liquidity requirements.

Truck, Parts and Other

The Company provides funding for working capital, capital expenditures, R&D, dividends, stock repurchases and other business initiatives and commitments primarily from cash provided by operations. Management expects this method of funding to continue in the future.

Investments for property, plant and equipment in 2017 increased to $425.7 million from $394.6 million in 2016, reflecting additional investments in the Company’s manufacturing facilities, new product development and enhanced aftermarket support. Over the past decade, the Company’s combined investments in worldwide capital projects and R&D totaled $6.11 billion, and have significantly increased the operating capacity and efficiency of its facilities and enhanced the quality and operating efficiency of the Company’s premium products.  

Capital investments in 2018 are expected to be $425 to $475 million, and R&D is expected to be $280 to $310 million. The Company is investing in PACCAR’s new truck models, integrated powertrains, enhanced aerodynamic truck designs, advanced driver assistance and truck connectivity technologies, and expanded manufacturing and parts distribution facilities.

The Company conducts business in certain countries which have been experiencing or may experience significant financial stress, fiscal or political strain and are subject to the corresponding potential for default. The Company routinely monitors its financial exposure to global financial conditions, global counterparties and operating environments. As of December 31, 2017, the Company’s exposures in such countries were insignificant.

Financial Services

The Company funds its financial services activities primarily from collections on existing finance receivables and borrowings in the capital markets. The primary sources of borrowings in the capital markets are commercial paper and medium-term notes issued in the public markets and, to a lesser extent, bank loans. An additional source of funds is loans from other PACCAR companies.

The Company issues commercial paper for a portion of its funding in its Financial Services segment. Some of this commercial paper is converted to fixed interest rate debt through the use of interest-rate swaps, which are used to manage interest-rate risk.

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In November 2015, the Company’s U.S. finance subsidiary, PACCAR Financial Corp. (PFC), filed a shelf registration under the Securities Act of 1933. The total amount of medium-term notes outstanding for PFC as of December 31, 2017 was $4.45 billion. The registration expires in November 2018 and does not limit the principal amount of debt securities that may be issued during that period. PFC intends to renew the registration in 2018.

As of December 31, 2017, the Company’s European finance subsidiary, PACCAR Financial Europe, had €1.34 billion available for issuance under a €2.50 billion medium-term note program listed on the Professional Securities Market of the London Stock Exchange. This program replaced an expiring program in the second quarter of 2017 and is renewable annually through the filing of new listing particulars.

In April 2016, PACCAR Financial Mexico registered a 10.00 billion peso medium-term note and commercial paper program with the Comision Nacional Bancaria y de Valores. The registration expires in April 2021 and limits the amount of commercial paper (up to one year) to 5.00 billion pesos. At December 31, 2017, 6.25 billion pesos were available for issuance.

In the event of a future significant disruption in the financial markets, the Company may not be able to issue replacement commercial paper. As a result, the Company is exposed to liquidity risk from the shorter maturity of short-term borrowings paid to lenders compared to the longer timing of receivable collections from customers. The Company believes its cash balances and investments, collections on existing finance receivables, syndicated bank lines and current investment-grade credit ratings of A+/A1 will continue to provide it with sufficient resources and access to capital markets at competitive interest rates and therefore contribute to the Company maintaining its liquidity and financial stability. A decrease in these credit ratings could negatively impact the Company’s ability to access capital markets at competitive interest rates and the Company’s ability to maintain liquidity and financial stability. PACCAR believes its Financial Services companies will be able to continue funding receivables, servicing debt and paying dividends through internally generated funds, access to public and private debt markets and lines of credit.

Commitments

The following summarizes the Company’s contractual cash commitments at December 31, 2017:

 

 

Total cash commitments for borrowings and interest on term debt are $9.13 billion and were related to the Financial Services segment.  As described in Note I of the consolidated financial statements, borrowings consist primarily of term notes and commercial paper issued by the Financial Services segment.  The Company expects to fund its maturing Financial Services debt obligations principally from funds provided by collections from customers on loans and lease contracts, as well as from the proceeds of commercial paper and medium-term note borrowings.  Purchase obligations are the Company’s contractual commitments to acquire future production inventory and capital equipment.  Other obligations include deferred cash compensation.

The Company’s other commitments include the following at December 31, 2017:

 

 

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Loan and lease commitments are for funding new retail loan and lease contracts. Residual value guarantees represent the Company’s commitment to acquire trucks at a guaranteed value if the customer decides to return the truck at a specified date in the future.

RECONCILIATION OF GAAP TO NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES:

This Form 10-K includes “adjusted net income (non-GAAP)” and “adjusted net income per diluted share (non-GAAP)”, which are financial measures that are not in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), since they exclude the one-time tax benefit from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Tax Act”) in 2017 and the non-recurring European Commission charge in 2016. These measures differ from the most directly comparable measures calculated in accordance with GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies.  In addition, the Form 10-K includes the financial ratios noted below calculated based on non-GAAP measures.

Management utilizes these non-GAAP measures to evaluate the Company’s performance and believes these measures allow investors and management to evaluate operating trends by excluding significant non-recurring items that are not representative of underlying operating trends.

Reconciliations from the most directly comparable GAAP measures of: adjusted net income (non-GAAP) and adjusted net income per diluted share (non-GAAP) are as follows:

 

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IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS:

The Company, its competitors and industry in general are subject to various domestic and foreign requirements relating to the environment.  The Company believes its policies, practices and procedures are designed to prevent unreasonable risk of environmental damage and that its handling, use and disposal of hazardous or toxic substances have been in accordance with environmental laws and regulations in effect at the time such use and disposal occurred.

The Company is involved in various stages of investigations and cleanup actions in different countries related to environmental matters.  In certain of these matters, the Company has been designated as a “potentially responsible party” by domestic and foreign environmental agencies. The Company has accrued the estimated costs to investigate and complete cleanup actions where it is probable that the Company will incur such costs in the future.  Expenditures related to environmental activities in the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $1.9 million, $2.2 million and $2.0 million, respectively.  Management expects that these matters will not have a significant effect on the Company's consolidated cash flow, liquidity or financial condition.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES:

The Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in Note A of the consolidated financial statements.  In the preparation of the Company’s financial statements, in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, management uses estimates and makes judgments and assumptions that affect asset and liability values and the amounts reported as income and expense during the periods presented.  The following are accounting policies which, in the opinion of management, are particularly sensitive and which, if actual results are different from estimates used by management, may have a material impact on the financial statements.

Operating Leases

Trucks sold pursuant to agreements accounted for as operating leases are disclosed in Note E of the consolidated financial statements.  In determining its estimate of the residual value of such vehicles, the Company considers the length of the lease term, the truck model, the expected usage of the truck and anticipated market demand.  Operating lease terms generally range from three to five years.  The resulting residual values on operating leases generally range between 30% and 60% of original equipment cost.  If the sales price of the trucks at the end of the term of the agreement differs from the Company’s estimated residual value, a gain or loss will result.

Future market conditions, changes in government regulations and other factors outside the Company’s control could impact the ultimate sales price of trucks returned under these contracts.  Residual values are reviewed regularly and adjusted if market conditions warrant.  A decrease in the estimated equipment residual values would increase annual depreciation expense over the remaining lease term.

During 2017, market values on equipment returning upon operating lease maturity decreased, resulting in an increase in depreciation expense of $41.2 million. During 2016, market values on equipment returning upon operating lease maturity decreased, resulting in an increase in depreciation expense of $9.6 million. During 2015, market values on equipment returning upon operating lease maturity were generally higher than the residual values on the equipment, resulting in a reduction in depreciation expense of $5.8 million.  

At December 31, 2017, the aggregate residual value of equipment on operating leases in the Financial Services segment and residual value guarantee on trucks accounted for as operating leases in the Truck segment was $2.73 billion. A 10% decrease in used truck values worldwide, if expected to persist over the remaining maturities of the Company’s operating leases, would reduce residual value estimates and result in the Company recording an average of approximately $78.1 million of additional depreciation per year.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses related to the Company’s loans and finance leases is disclosed in Note D of the consolidated financial statements.  The Company has developed a systematic methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses for its two portfolio segments, retail and wholesale. The retail segment consists of retail loans and direct and sales-type finance leases, net of unearned interest.  The wholesale segment consists of truck inventory financing loans to dealers that are collateralized by trucks and other collateral. The wholesale segment generally has less risk than the retail segment. Wholesale receivables generally are shorter in duration than retail receivables, and the Company requires periodic reporting of the wholesale dealer’s financial condition, conducts periodic audits of the trucks being financed and in many cases, obtains guarantees or other security such as dealership assets.  In determining the allowance for credit losses, retail loans and finance leases are evaluated together since they relate to a similar customer base, their contractual terms require regular payment of principal and interest, generally over three to five years, and they are secured by the same type of collateral.  The allowance for credit losses consists of both specific and general reserves.

The Company individually evaluates certain finance receivables for impairment. Finance receivables that are evaluated individually for impairment consist of all wholesale accounts and certain large retail accounts with past due balances or otherwise determined to be at a higher risk of loss. A finance receivable is impaired if it is considered probable the Company will be unable to collect all contractual interest and principal payments as scheduled. In addition, all retail loans and leases which have been classified as TDRs and all customer accounts over 90 days past due are considered impaired. Generally, impaired accounts are on non-accrual status.  Impaired accounts classified as TDRs which have been performing for 90 consecutive days are placed on accrual status if it is deemed probable that the Company will collect all principal and interest payments.

Impaired receivables are generally considered collateral dependent.  Large balance retail and all wholesale impaired receivables are individually evaluated to determine the appropriate reserve for losses.  The determination of reserves for large balance impaired receivables considers the fair value of the associated collateral.  When the underlying collateral fair value exceeds the Company’s recorded investment, no reserve is recorded.  Small balance impaired receivables with similar risk characteristics are evaluated as a separate pool to determine the appropriate reserve for losses using the historical loss information discussed below.  

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The Company evaluates finance receivables that are not individually impaired on a collective basis and determines the general allowance for credit losses for both retail and wholesale receivables based on historical loss information, using past due account data and current market conditions.  Information used includes assumptions regarding the likelihood of collecting current and past due accounts, repossession rates, the recovery rate on the underlying collateral based on used truck values and other pledged collateral or recourse.  The Company has developed a range of loss estimates for each of its country portfolios based on historical experience, taking into account loss frequency and severity in both strong and weak truck market conditions. A projection is made of the range of estimated credit losses inherent in the portfolio from which an amount is determined as probable based on current market conditions and other factors impacting the creditworthiness of the Company’s borrowers and their ability to repay.  After determining the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses, a provision for losses on finance receivables is charged to income as necessary to reflect management’s estimate of incurred credit losses, net of recoveries, inherent in the portfolio.

The adequacy of the allowance is evaluated quarterly based on the most recent past due account information and current market conditions.  As accounts become past due, the likelihood that they will not be fully collected increases.  The Company’s experience indicates the probability of not fully collecting past due accounts ranges between 30% and 80%.  Over the past three years, the Company’s year-end 30+ days past due accounts were 0.5% of loan and lease receivables.  Historically, a 100 basis point increase in the 30+ days past due percentage has resulted in an increase in credit losses of 8 to 38 basis points of receivables.  At December 31, 2017, 30+ days past dues were 0.5%.  If past dues were 100 basis points higher or 1.5% as of December 31, 2017, the Company’s estimate of credit losses would likely have increased by a range of $6 to $30 million depending on the extent of the past dues, the estimated value of the collateral as compared to amounts owed and general economic factors.

Product Warranty

Product warranty is disclosed in Note H of the consolidated financial statements.  The expenses related to product warranty are estimated and recorded at the time products are sold based on historical and current data and reasonable expectations for the future regarding the frequency and cost of warranty claims, net of recoveries.  Management takes actions to minimize warranty costs through quality-improvement programs; however, actual claim costs incurred could materially differ from the estimated amounts and require adjustments to the reserve.  Historically those adjustments have not been material.  Over the past three years, warranty expense as a percentage of Truck, Parts and Other net sales and revenues has ranged between 1.3% and 1.4%.  If the 2017 warranty expense had been .2% higher as a percentage of net sales and revenues in 2017, warranty expense would have increased by approximately $36 million.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are disclosed in Note M of the consolidated financial statements.  The Company calculates income tax expense on pre-tax income based on current tax law. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for future tax consequences on temporary differences between recorded amounts in the financial statements and their respective tax basis.  The determination of income tax expense requires management estimates and judgement regarding the future outcomes of tax law issues included in tax returns and jurisdictional mix of earnings.  The Company updates its assumptions on all of these factors each quarter as well as new information on tax laws and differences between estimated taxes and actual returns when filed.  If the Company’s assessment of these matters changes, the effect is accounted for in earnings in the period the change is made.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS:

This report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.  Forward-looking statements include statements relating to future results of operations or financial position and any other statement that does not relate to any historical or current fact.  Such statements are based on currently available operating, financial and other information and are subject to risks and uncertainties that may affect actual results.  Risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: a significant decline in industry sales; competitive pressures; reduced market share; reduced availability of or higher prices for fuel; increased safety, emissions, or other regulations resulting in higher costs and/or sales restrictions; currency or commodity price fluctuations; lower used truck prices; insufficient or under-utilization of manufacturing capacity; supplier interruptions; insufficient liquidity in the capital markets; fluctuations in interest rates; changes in the levels of the Financial Services segment new business volume due to unit fluctuations in new PACCAR truck sales or reduced market shares; changes affecting the profitability of truck owners and operators; price changes impacting truck sales prices and residual values; insufficient supplier capacity or access to raw materials; labor disruptions; shortages of commercial truck drivers; increased warranty costs; litigation, including EC-related claims; or legislative and governmental regulations.  A more detailed description of these and other risks is included under the heading Part 1, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

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Currencies are presented in millions for the market risks and derivative instruments sections below.

Interest-Rate Risks - See Note O for a description of the Company’s hedging programs and exposure to interest rate fluctuations. The Company measures its interest-rate risk by estimating the amount by which the fair value of interest-rate sensitive assets and liabilities, including derivative financial instruments, would change assuming an immediate 100 basis point increase across the yield curve as shown in the following table:

 

 

Currency Risks - The Company enters into foreign currency exchange contracts to hedge its exposure to exchange rate fluctuations of foreign currencies, particularly the Canadian dollar, the euro, the British pound, the Australian dollar, the Brazilian real and the Mexican peso (see Note O for additional information concerning these hedges).  Based on the Company’s sensitivity analysis, the potential loss in fair value for such financial instruments from a 10% unfavorable change in quoted foreign currency exchange rates would be a loss of $55.7 related to contracts outstanding at December 31, 2017, compared to a loss of $31.5 at December 31, 2016.  These amounts would be largely offset by changes in the values of the underlying hedged exposures.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

 

 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

 

 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 

 

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 

 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 

 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

 

 

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

 

 

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

Description of Operations:  PACCAR Inc (the Company or PACCAR) is a multinational company operating in three principal segments:  (1) the Truck segment includes the design and manufacture of high-quality, light-, medium- and heavy-duty commercial trucks; (2) the Parts segment includes the distribution of aftermarket parts for trucks and related commercial vehicles; and (3) the Financial Services segment (PFS) includes finance and leasing products and services provided to customers and dealers.  PACCAR’s finance and leasing activities are principally related to PACCAR products and associated equipment.  PACCAR’s sales and revenues are derived primarily from North America and Europe.  The Company also operates in Australia and Brasil and sells trucks and parts to customers in Asia, Africa, Middle East and South America.

Principles of Consolidation:  The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned domestic and foreign subsidiaries.  All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates:  The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition:

Truck, Parts and Other:  Substantially all sales and revenues of trucks and related aftermarket parts are recorded by the Company when products are shipped to dealers or customers, except for certain truck shipments that are subject to a residual value guarantee to the customer.  Revenues related to these shipments are generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the guarantee period (see Note E).  At the time certain truck and parts sales to a dealer are recognized, the Company records an estimate of any future sales incentive costs related to such sales.  The estimate is based on historical data and announced incentive programs. In the Truck and Parts segments, the Company grants extended payment terms on selected receivables. Interest is charged for the period beyond standard payment terms.  Interest income is recorded as earned.

Financial Services:  Interest income from finance and other receivables is recognized using the interest method. Certain loan origination costs are deferred and amortized to interest income over the expected life of the contracts, generally 36 to 60 months, using the straight-line method which approximates the interest method.  For operating leases, rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Rental revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $760.9, $698.9 and $668.6, respectively. Depreciation and related leased unit operating expenses were $665.7, $581.7 and $536.2 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Recognition of interest income and rental revenue is suspended (put on non-accrual status) when the receivable becomes more than 90 days past the contractual due date or earlier if some other event causes the Company to determine that collection is not probable.  Accordingly, no finance receivables more than 90 days past due were accruing interest at December 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016.  Recognition is resumed if the receivable becomes current by the payment of all amounts due under the terms of the existing contract and collection of remaining amounts is considered probable (if not contractually modified) or if the customer makes scheduled payments for three months and collection of remaining amounts is considered probable (if contractually modified).  Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms.

Cash and Cash Equivalents:  Cash equivalents consist of liquid investments with a maturity at date of purchase of 90 days or less.

Marketable Debt Securities:  The Company's investments in marketable debt securities are classified as available-for-sale. These investments are stated at fair value with any unrealized gains or losses, net of tax, included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI).

The Company utilizes third-party pricing services for all of its marketable debt security valuations. The Company reviews the pricing methodology used by the third‑party pricing services, including the manner employed to collect market information. On a quarterly basis, the Company also performs review and validation procedures on the pricing information received from the third‑party providers. These procedures help ensure that the fair value information used by the Company is determined in accordance with applicable accounting guidance.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

The Company evaluates its investment in marketable debt securities at the end of each reporting period to determine if a decline in fair value is other-than-temporary. Realized losses are recognized upon management’s determination that a decline in fair value is other-than-temporary. The determination of other-than-temporary impairment is a subjective process, requiring the use of judgments and assumptions regarding the amount and timing of recovery. The Company reviews and evaluates its investments at least quarterly to identify investments that have indications of other-than-temporary impairments. It is reasonably possible that a change in estimate could occur in the near term relating to other-than-temporary impairment. Accordingly, the Company considers several factors when evaluating debt securities for other-than-temporary impairment, including whether the decline in fair value of the security is due to increased default risk for the specific issuer or market interest rate risk.

In assessing default risk, the Company considers the collectability of principal and interest payments by monitoring changes to issuers’ credit ratings, specific credit events associated with individual issuers as well as the credit ratings of any financial guarantor, and the extent and duration to which amortized cost exceeds fair value.  

In assessing market interest rate risk, including benchmark interest rates and credit spreads, the Company considers its intent for selling the securities and whether it is more likely than not the Company will be able to hold these securities until the recovery of any unrealized losses.

Receivables:  

Trade and Other Receivables:  The Company’s trade and other receivables are recorded at cost, net of allowances.  At December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, trade and other receivables include trade receivables from dealers and customers of $962.0 and $734.6 and other receivables of $165.9 and $127.6 relating primarily to value added tax receivables and supplier allowances and rebates.  

Finance and Other Receivables:  

Loans – Loans represent fixed or floating-rate loans to customers collateralized by the vehicles purchased and are recorded at amortized cost.  

Finance leases – Finance leases are retail direct financing leases and sales-type finance leases, which lease equipment to retail customers and dealers.  These leases are reported as the sum of minimum lease payments receivable and estimated residual value of the property subject to the contracts, reduced by unearned interest which is shown separately.  

Dealer wholesale financing – Dealer wholesale financing is floating-rate wholesale loans to PACCAR dealers for new and used trucks and are recorded at amortized cost.  The loans are collateralized by the trucks being financed.  

Operating lease receivables and other – Operating lease receivables and other include monthly rentals due on operating leases, unamortized loan and lease origination costs, interest on loans and other amounts due within one year in the normal course of business.

Allowance for Credit Losses:

Truck, Parts and Other:  The Company historically has not experienced significant losses or past due amounts on trade and other receivables in its Truck, Parts and Other businesses.  Accounts are considered past due once the unpaid balance is over 30 days outstanding based on contractual payment terms.  Accounts are charged-off against the allowance for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, they are considered uncollectible.  The allowance for credit losses for Truck, Parts and Other was $1.5 and $1.7 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.  Net charge-offs were $.1, $.1 and $.3 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  

Financial Services:  The Company continuously monitors the payment performance of its finance receivables.  For large retail finance customers and dealers with wholesale financing, the Company regularly reviews their financial statements and makes site visits and phone contact as appropriate.  If the Company becomes aware of circumstances that could cause those customers or dealers to face financial difficulty, whether or not they are past due, the customers are placed on a watch list.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

The Company modifies loans and finance leases in the normal course of its Financial Services operations.  The Company may modify loans and finance leases for commercial reasons or for credit reasons.  Modifications for commercial reasons are changes to contract terms for customers that are not considered to be in financial difficulty.  Insignificant delays are modifications extending terms up to three months for customers experiencing some short-term financial stress, but not considered to be in financial difficulty.  Modifications for credit reasons are changes to contract terms for customers considered to be in financial difficulty.  The Company’s modifications typically result in granting more time to pay the contractual amounts owed and charging a fee and interest for the term of the modification.  

When considering whether to modify customer accounts for credit reasons, the Company evaluates the creditworthiness of the customers and modifies those accounts that the Company considers likely to perform under the modified terms.  When the Company modifies loans and finance leases for credit reasons and grants a concession, the modifications are classified as troubled debt restructurings (TDR).  The Company does not typically grant credit modifications for customers that do not meet minimum underwriting standards since the Company normally repossesses the financed equipment in these circumstances.  When such modifications do occur, they are considered TDRs.

On average, modifications extended contractual terms by approximately five months in 2017 and four months in 2016 and did not have a significant effect on the weighted average term or interest rate of the total portfolio at December 31, 2017 and 2016.

The Company has developed a systematic methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses for its two portfolio segments, retail and wholesale.  The retail segment consists of retail loans and direct and sales-type finance leases, net of unearned interest.  The wholesale segment consists of truck inventory financing loans to dealers that are collateralized by trucks and other collateral.  The wholesale segment generally has less risk than the retail segment.  Wholesale receivables generally are shorter in duration than retail receivables, and the Company requires periodic reporting of the wholesale dealer’s financial condition, conducts periodic audits of the trucks being financed and in many cases, obtains guarantees or other security such as dealership assets.  In determining the allowance for credit losses, retail loans and finance leases are evaluated together since they relate to a similar customer base, their contractual terms require regular payment of principal and interest, generally over three to five years, and they are secured by the same type of collateral.  The allowance for credit losses consists of both specific and general reserves.

The Company individually evaluates certain finance receivables for impairment.  Finance receivables that are evaluated individually for impairment consist of all wholesale accounts and certain large retail accounts with past due balances or otherwise determined to be at a higher risk of loss.  A finance receivable is impaired if it is considered probable the Company will be unable to collect all contractual interest and principal payments as scheduled.  In addition, all retail loans and leases which have been classified as TDRs and all customer accounts over 90 days past due are considered impaired.  Generally, impaired accounts are on non-accrual status.  Impaired accounts classified as TDRs which have been performing for 90 consecutive days are placed on accrual status if it is deemed probable that the Company will collect all principal and interest payments.

Impaired receivables are generally considered collateral dependent.  Large balance retail and all wholesale impaired receivables are individually evaluated to determine the appropriate reserve for losses.  The determination of reserves for large balance impaired receivables considers the fair value of the associated collateral.  When the underlying collateral fair value exceeds the Company’s recorded investment, no reserve is recorded.  Small balance impaired receivables with similar risk characteristics are evaluated as a separate pool to determine the appropriate reserve for losses using the historical loss information discussed below.

The Company evaluates finance receivables that are not individually impaired on a collective basis and determines the general allowance for credit losses for both retail and wholesale receivables based on historical loss information, using past due account data and current market conditions.  Information used includes assumptions regarding the likelihood of collecting current and past due accounts, repossession rates, the recovery rate on the underlying collateral based on used truck values and other pledged collateral or recourse.  The Company has developed a range of loss estimates for each of its country portfolios based on historical experience, taking into account loss frequency and severity in both strong and weak truck market conditions.  A projection is made of the range of estimated credit losses inherent in the portfolio from which an amount is determined as probable based on current market conditions and other factors impacting the creditworthiness of the Company’s borrowers and their ability to repay.  After determining the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses, a provision for losses on finance receivables is charged to income as necessary to reflect management’s estimate of incurred credit losses, net of recoveries, inherent in the portfolio.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

In determining the fair value of the collateral, the Company uses a pricing matrix and categorizes the fair value as Level 2 in the hierarchy of fair value measurement.  The pricing matrix is reviewed quarterly and updated as appropriate.  The pricing matrix considers the make, model and year of the equipment as well as recent sales prices of comparable equipment sold individually, which is the lowest unit of account, through wholesale channels to the Company’s dealers (principal market).  The fair value of the collateral also considers the overall condition of the equipment.

Accounts are charged-off against the allowance for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, they are considered uncollectible, which generally occurs upon repossession of the collateral.  Typically the timing between the repossession and charge-off is not significant.  In cases where repossession is delayed (e.g., for legal proceedings), the Company records a partial charge-off.  The charge-off is determined by comparing the fair value of the collateral, less cost to sell, to the recorded investment.

Inventories:  Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market.  Cost of inventories in the U.S. is determined principally by the last‑in, first-out (LIFO) method.  Cost of all other inventories is determined principally by the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.  Cost of sales and revenues include shipping and handling costs incurred to deliver products to dealers and customers.

Equipment on Operating Leases:  The Company’s Financial Services segment leases equipment under operating leases to its customers.  In addition, in the Truck segment, equipment sold to customers in Europe subject to a residual value guarantee (RVG) by the Company is generally accounted for as an operating lease.  Equipment is recorded at cost and is depreciated on the straight-line basis to the lower of the estimated residual value or guarantee value.  Lease and guarantee periods generally range from two to five years. Estimated useful lives of the equipment range from four to nine years.  The Company reviews residual values of equipment on operating leases periodically to determine that recorded amounts are appropriate.

Property, Plant and Equipment:  Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost.  Depreciation is computed principally by the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the various classes of assets.  Certain production tooling is amortized on a unit of production basis.

Long-lived Assets and Goodwill:  The Company evaluates the carrying value of property, plant and equipment when events and circumstances warrant a review.  Goodwill is tested for impairment at least on an annual basis. There were no significant impairment charges for the three years ended December 31, 2017.  Goodwill was $117.4 and $103.0 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.  The increase in value was mostly due to currency translation.

Product Support Liabilities:  Product support liabilities include estimated future payments related to product warranties and deferred revenues on optional extended warranties and repair and maintenance (R&M) contracts.  The Company generally offers one year warranties covering most of its vehicles and related aftermarket parts.  For vehicles equipped with engines manufactured by PACCAR, the Company generally offers two year warranties on the engine.  Specific terms and conditions vary depending on the product and the country of sale.  Optional extended warranty and R&M contracts can be purchased for periods which generally range up to five years.  Warranty expenses and reserves are estimated and recorded at the time products or contracts are sold based on historical data regarding the source, frequency and cost of claims, net of any recoveries.  The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded liabilities and adjusts them as appropriate to reflect actual experience.  Revenue from extended warranty and R&M contracts is deferred and recognized to income generally on a straight-line basis over the contract period.  Warranty and R&M costs on these contracts are recognized as incurred.  

Derivative Financial Instruments:  As part of its risk management strategy, the Company enters into derivative contracts to hedge against interest rates and foreign currency risk.  Certain derivative instruments designated as either cash flow hedges or fair value hedges are subject to hedge accounting.  Derivative instruments that are not subject to hedge accounting are held as economic hedges.  The Company’s policies prohibit the use of derivatives for speculation or trading.  At the inception of each hedge relationship, the Company documents its risk management objectives, procedures and accounting treatment.  All of the Company’s interest-rate and certain foreign-exchange contracts are transacted under International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master agreements.  Each agreement permits the net settlement of amounts owed in the event of default and certain other termination events.  For derivative financial instruments, the Company has elected not to offset derivative positions in the balance sheet with the same counterparty under the same agreements and is not required to post or receive collateral.  Exposure limits and minimum credit ratings are used to minimize the risks of counterparty default.  The Company’s maximum exposure to potential default of its swap counterparties is limited to the asset position of its swap portfolio.  The asset position of the Company’s swap portfolio is $53.3 at December 31, 2017.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

The Company uses regression analysis to assess effectiveness of interest-rate contracts on a quarterly basis.  For foreign-exchange contracts, the Company performs quarterly assessments to ensure that critical terms continue to match.  All components of the derivative instrument’s gain or loss are included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness.  Gains or losses on the ineffective portion of cash flow hedges are recognized in current earnings.  Hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively when the Company determines that a derivative financial instrument has ceased to be a highly effective hedge.

Foreign Currency Translation:  For most of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries, the local currency is the functional currency.  All assets and liabilities are translated at year-end exchange rates and all income statement amounts are translated at the weighted average rates for the period.  Translation adjustments are recorded in AOCI.  The Company uses the U.S. dollar as the functional currency for all but one of its Mexican subsidiaries, which uses the local currency.  For the U.S. functional currency entities in Mexico, inventories, cost of sales, property, plant and equipment and depreciation are remeasured at historical rates and resulting adjustments are included in net income.

Earnings per Share:  Basic earnings per common share are computed by dividing earnings by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, plus the effect of any participating securities.  Diluted earnings per common share are computed assuming that all potentially dilutive securities are converted into common shares under the treasury stock method.  

New Accounting Pronouncements: In February 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2018-02 Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The amendment requires a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) to retained earnings the difference between the historical corporate income tax rate and the newly enacted income tax rate resulting from the Tax Act. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods.  Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, the Company estimates Retained earnings will increase and AOCI will decrease approximately $40 million with no impact to Stockholders’ Equity. The Company expects to early adopt this ASU in 2018.

In March 2017, FASB issued ASU 2017-07 Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. The amendment disaggregates the service cost component from non-service cost components of pension expense and prescribes where to present the various components of pension cost on the income statement. This ASU also allows only the service cost component to be eligible for capitalization, when applicable (e.g. as a cost of manufactured inventory or self-constructed assets). The Company will adopt this ASU in January 2018 and accordingly will apply the income statement presentation of service and non-service components of pension expense retrospectively and the capitalization of service cost prospectively. Non-service components of pension expense (see Note L) are currently reported in Cost of sales and revenues and Selling, general and administrative expenses. Upon adoption of this ASU these costs will be reported in Truck, Parts and Other: Interest and other expenses, net.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. The amendment in this ASU requires recognition of income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. Currently the recognition of current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer is recognized when the asset has been sold to an outside party. This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those annual periods, and early adoption is permitted. This amendment should be applied on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company adopted this ASU on January 1, 2017. The effect of the adoption reduced prepaid income taxes and retained earnings by $19.9. Because the corresponding deferred tax asset is not realizable, the Company recorded an offsetting valuation allowance.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendment in this ASU requires entities having financial assets measured at amortized cost to estimate credit reserves under an expected credit loss model rather than the current incurred loss model. Under this new model, expected credit losses will be based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectability. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted, but not earlier than annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. This amendment should be applied on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its consolidated financial statements.

48

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) which amends the existing accounting standards for leases. Under the new lease standard, lessees will recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all leases (other than short-term leases). Lessor accounting is largely unchanged. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. This ASU requires leases to be recognized and measured at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This ASU amends the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. Under the new revenue recognition model, a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The FASB has subsequently issued several related ASUs to clarify the implementation guidance in ASU 2014-09. This standard may be applied retrospectively to each prior period presented or modified retrospectively with a cumulative effect recognized as of the date of initial application. The Company will adopt this ASU on a modified retrospective basis on January 1, 2018.

The most significant effect of the standard relates to trucks sold in Europe that are subject to a residual value guarantee (RVG) and are currently accounted for as an operating lease in the Truck, Parts and Other section of the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets (see Note E). Under the new standard, revenues will be recognized immediately for certain of these RVG contracts that allow customers the option to return their truck and for which there is no economic incentive to do so. The Company expects the overall effects on revenues to not be significant, as the increase in revenues from immediate recognition will largely be offset by reduced amortization of RVG revenue that had been deferred under the prior standard. Upon adoption of the new standard, total RVG assets will decrease by approximately $497 million and the related liability will decrease by approximately $520 million. The cumulative effect adjustment will increase Retained earnings by approximately $17 million, net of tax. Also as required by the new standard, the Company will recognize an asset for the value of expected returned aftermarket parts which had previously been netted with the related liabilities. The new standard also requires new and expanded footnote disclosures.

In addition to ASU 2016-16 disclosed above, the Company adopted the following standards effective January 1, 2017, none of which had a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

 

 

The FASB also issued the following standards, which are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

 

 

49

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

Marketable debt securities consisted of the following at December 31:

 

 

 

The cost of marketable debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Amortization, accretion, interest and dividend income and realized gains and losses are included in investment income. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Gross realized gains were $1.4, $4.4 and $2.6, and gross realized losses were $.5, $.1 and $.8 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Marketable debt securities with continuous unrealized losses and their related fair values were as follows:

 

 

For the investment securities in gross unrealized loss positions identified above, the Company does not intend to sell the investment securities. It is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell the investment securities before recovery of the unrealized losses, and the Company expects that the contractual principal and interest will be received on the investment securities. As a result, the Company recognized no other-than-temporary impairments during the periods presented.

Contractual maturities on marketable debt securities at December 31, 2017 were as follows:

 

 

50

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

Inventories include the following:

 

 

Inventories valued using the LIFO method comprised 47% and 49% of consolidated inventories before deducting the LIFO reserve at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Finance and other receivables include the following:

 

 

The net activity of sales-type finance leases, dealer direct loans and dealer wholesale financing on new trucks is shown in the operating section of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows since those receivables finance the sale of Company inventory.

Annual minimum payments due on finance receivables are as follows:

 

 

Estimated residual values included with finance leases amounted to $340.9 in 2017 and $239.1 in 2016.  Experience indicates substantially all of dealer wholesale financing will be repaid within one year.  In addition, repayment experience indicates that some loans, leases and other finance receivables will be paid prior to contract maturity, while others may be extended or modified.

51

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

For the following credit quality disclosures, finance receivables are classified into two portfolio segments, wholesale and retail.  The retail portfolio is further segmented into dealer retail and customer retail.  The dealer wholesale segment consists of truck inventory financing to PACCAR dealers.  The dealer retail segment consists of loans and leases to participating dealers and franchises that use the proceeds to fund customers’ acquisition of commercial vehicles and related equipment.  The customer retail segment consists of loans and leases directly to customers for the acquisition of commercial vehicles and related equipment.  Customer retail receivables are further segregated between fleet and owner/operator classes.  The fleet class consists of customer retail accounts operating more than five trucks.  All other customer retail accounts are considered owner/operator.  These two classes have similar measurement attributes, risk characteristics and common methods to monitor and assess credit risk.  

Allowance for Credit Losses:  The allowance for credit losses is summarized as follows:

 

 

 

 

52

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

Information regarding finance receivables evaluated and determined individually and collectively is as follows:

 

 

 

The recorded investment for finance receivables that are on non-accrual status is as follows:

 

 

Impaired Loans:  Impaired loans are summarized below. The impaired loans with specific reserve represent the unpaid principal balance. The recorded investment of impaired loans as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was not significantly different than the unpaid principal balance.

 

53

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

 

 

During the period the loans above were considered impaired, interest income recognized on a cash basis was as follows:

 

 

Credit Quality: The Company's customers are principally concentrated in the transportation industry in North America, Europe and Australia. The Company’s portfolio assets are diversified over a large number of customers and dealers with no single customer or dealer balances representing over 5% of the total portfolio assets. The Company retains as collateral a security interest in the related equipment.

At the inception of each contract, the Company considers the credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit-rating agency ratings, loan-to-value ratios and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, the Company monitors credit quality based on past due status and collection experience as there is a meaningful correlation between the past due status of customers and the risk of loss.

The Company has three credit quality indicators: performing, watch and at-risk. Performing accounts pay in accordance with the contractual terms and are not considered high-risk. Watch accounts include accounts 31 to 90 days past due and large accounts that are performing but are considered to be high‑risk. Watch accounts are not impaired. At-risk accounts are accounts that are impaired, including TDRs, accounts over 90 days past due and other accounts on non-accrual status. The tables below summarize the Company’s finance receivables by credit quality indicator and portfolio class.  

 

 

 

54

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

The tables below summarize the Company’s finance receivables by aging category. In determining past due status, the Company considers the entire contractual account balance past due when any installment is over 30 days past due. Substantially all customer accounts that were greater than 30 days past due prior to credit modification became current upon modification for aging purposes.

 

 

 

Troubled Debt Restructurings: The balance of TDRs was $37.9 and $43.1 at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. At modification date, the pre-modification and post-modification recorded investment balances for finance receivables modified during the period by portfolio class are as follows:

 

 

The effect on the allowance for credit losses from such modifications was not significant at December 31, 2017 and 2016.

TDRs modified during the previous twelve months that subsequently defaulted (i.e., became more than 30 days past due) in the year ended by portfolio class are as follows:

 

 

There were $1.4 and $4.8 of finance receivables modified as TDRs during the previous twelve months that subsequently defaulted and were charged off for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Repossessions: When the Company determines a customer is not likely to meet its contractual commitments, the Company repossesses the vehicles which serve as collateral for the loans, finance leases and equipment under operating leases. The Company records the vehicles as used truck inventory included in Financial Services Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The balance of repossessed inventory at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $13.1 and $25.4, respectively.  Proceeds from the sales of repossessed assets were $58.3, $51.7 and $48.0 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. These amounts are included in Proceeds from asset disposals in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Write-downs of repossessed equipment on operating leases are recorded as impairments and included in Financial Services Depreciation and other expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

 

55

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

A summary of equipment on operating leases for Truck, Parts and Other and for the Financial Services segment is as follows:

 

 

Annual minimum lease payments due on Financial Services operating leases beginning January 1, 2018 are $628.5, $433.2, $267.1, $138.2, $49.4 and $9.6 thereafter.

When the equipment is sold subject to an RVG, the full sales price is received from the customer.  A liability is established for the residual value obligation with the remainder of the proceeds recorded as deferred lease revenue.  These amounts are summarized below:

 

 

The deferred lease revenue is amortized on a straight-line basis over the RVG contract period.  At December 31, 2017, the annual amortization of deferred revenues beginning January 1, 2018 is $188.9, $123.8, $69.5, $42.3, $4.5 and $.2 thereafter.  Annual maturities of the RVGs beginning January 1, 2018 are $287.8, $269.9, $209.5, $79.8, $54.2 and $8.6 thereafter.

 

Property, plant and equipment include the following:

 

 

Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other include the following:

 

 

56

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

Changes in product support liabilities are summarized as follows:

 

 

 

Product support liabilities are included in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows:

 

 

Financial Services borrowings include the following:

 

 

Commercial paper and term notes borrowings were $8,669.2 and $8,270.2 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Unamortized debt issuance costs, unamortized discounts and the net effect of fair value hedges were $(20.9) and $(19.3) at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The effective rate is the weighted average rate as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and includes the effects of interest-rate contracts.

57

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

The annual maturities of the Financial Services borrowings are as follows:

 

 

Interest paid on borrowings was $127.4, $108.2, and $101.3 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company capitalized interest on borrowings of nil for all periods presented, in Truck, Parts and Other.  

The primary sources of borrowings in the capital markets are commercial paper and medium-term notes issued in the public markets, and to a lesser extent, bank loans.  The medium-term notes are issued by PACCAR Financial Corp. (PFC), PACCAR Financial Europe and PACCAR Financial Mexico.

In November 2015, the Company’s U.S. finance subsidiary, PFC, filed a shelf registration under the Securities Act of 1933.  The total amount of medium-term notes outstanding for PFC as of December 31, 2017 was $4,450.0. The registration expires in November 2018 and does not limit the principal amount of debt securities that may be issued during that period. PFC intends to renew the registration in 2018.

As of December 31, 2017, the Company’s European finance subsidiary, PACCAR Financial Europe, had €1,343.6 available for issuance under a €2,500.0 medium-term note program listed on the Professional Securities Market of the London Stock Exchange.  This program replaced an expiring program in the second quarter of 2017 and is renewable annually through the filing of new listing particulars.

In April 2016, PACCAR Financial Mexico registered a 10,000.0 peso medium-term note and commercial paper program with the Comision Nacional Bancaria y de Valores. The registration expires in April 2021 and limits the amount of commercial paper (up to one year) to 5,000.0 pesos.  At December 31, 2017, 6,250.0 pesos remained available for issuance.  

The Company has line of credit arrangements of $3,520.0, of which $3,306.8 were unused at December 31, 2017. Included in these arrangements are $3,000.0 of syndicated bank facilities, of which $1,000.0 expires in June 2018, $1,000.0 expires in June 2021 and $1,000.0 expires in June 2022.  The Company intends to replace these credit facilities on or before expiration with facilities of similar amounts and duration.  These credit facilities are maintained primarily to provide backup liquidity for commercial paper borrowings and maturing medium-term notes.  There were no borrowings under the syndicated bank facilities for the year ended December 31, 2017.

The Company leases certain facilities and computer equipment under operating leases.  Leases expire at various dates through the year 2026. At January 1, 2018, annual minimum rent payments under non-cancelable operating leases having initial or remaining terms in excess of one year are $23.0, $14.6, $10.3, $6.5, $4.4 and $2.6 thereafter. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, total rental expenses under all leases amounted to $30.1, $28.8 and $30.5, respectively.

At December 31, 2017, PACCAR had standby letters of credit and surety bonds totaling $26.3, from third party financial institutions, in the normal course of business, which guarantee various insurance, financing and other activities.  At December 31, 2017, PACCAR’s financial services companies, in the normal course of business, had outstanding commitments to fund new loan and lease transactions amounting to $928.6.  The commitments generally expire in 90 days.  The Company had other commitments, primarily to purchase production inventory, equipment and energy amounting to $243.9, $71.6, $69.1, $62.3, $60.5 and nil for 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and beyond, respectively.

58

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

The Company is involved in various stages of investigations and cleanup actions in different countries related to environmental matters.  In certain of these matters, the Company has been designated as a “potentially responsible party” by domestic and foreign environmental agencies.  The Company has an undiscounted accrual to provide for the estimated costs to investigate and complete cleanup actions where it is probable that the Company will incur such costs in the future.  Expenditures related to environmental activities for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $1.9, $2.2 and $2.0, respectively.  

While the timing and amount of the ultimate costs associated with future environmental cleanup cannot be determined, management expects that these matters will not have a significant effect on the Company's consolidated financial position.

In the first half of 2016, the Company recorded a charge of €752.7 ($833.0) in connection with an investigation by the European Commission (EC) of all major European truck manufacturers, including DAF Trucks N.V., its subsidiary DAF Trucks Deutschland GmbH (collectively, “DAF”) and the Company as their parent. On July 19, 2016, the EC reached a settlement with DAF and the Company under which the EC imposed a fine of €752.7 ($833.0) for infringement of European Union competition rules. DAF paid the fine in August 2016.  Following the EC settlement, claims and lawsuits have been filed against the Company, DAF and certain DAF subsidiaries and other truck manufacturers. Others may bring EC related claims and lawsuits against the Company or its subsidiaries. While the Company believes it has meritorious defenses, such claims and lawsuits will likely take a significant period of time to resolve, and it is not possible to estimate a range of potential loss. An adverse outcome of such proceedings could have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations.

PACCAR is also a defendant in various other legal proceedings and, in addition, there are various other contingent liabilities arising in the normal course of business. After consultation with legal counsel, management does not anticipate that disposition of these various other proceedings and contingent liabilities will have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Severance Costs:  The Company incurred severance expense in 2017, 2016 and 2015 of $.8, $2.0 and $3.3, respectively.

Defined Benefit Pension Plans:  The Company has several defined benefit pension plans, which cover a majority of its employees.  The Company evaluates its actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and considers changes based upon market conditions and other factors.

The expected return on plan assets is determined by using a market-related value of assets, which is calculated based on an average of the previous five years of asset gains and losses.

Generally, accumulated unrecognized actuarial gains and losses are amortized using the 10% corridor approach.  The corridor is defined as the greater of either 10% of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets.  The amortization amount is the excess beyond the corridor divided by the average remaining estimated service life of participants on a straight-line basis.

The Company funds its pensions in accordance with applicable employee benefit and tax laws.  The Company contributed $70.6 to its pension plans in 2017 and $185.7 in 2016.  The Company expects to contribute in the range of $70.0 to $100.0 to its pension plans in 2018, of which $21.2 is estimated to satisfy minimum funding requirements.  Annual benefits expected to be paid beginning January 1, 2018 are $84.4, $87.1, $94.0, $99.9, $106.2 and for the five years thereafter, a total of $609.7.

Plan assets are invested in global equity and debt securities through professional investment managers with the objective to achieve targeted risk adjusted returns and maintain liquidity sufficient to fund current benefit payments.  Typically, each defined benefit plan has an investment policy that includes a target for asset mix, including maximum and minimum ranges for allocation percentages by investment category.  The actual allocation of assets may vary at times based upon rebalancing policies and other factors.  The Company periodically assesses the target asset mix by evaluating external sources of information regarding the long-term historical return, volatilities and expected future returns for each investment category.  In addition, the long-term rates of return assumptions for pension accounting are reviewed annually to ensure they are appropriate.  Target asset mix and forecast long-term returns by asset category are considered in determining the assumed long-term rates of return, although historical returns realized are given some consideration.

59

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

The fair value of mutual funds, common stocks and U.S. treasuries is determined using the market approach and is based on the quoted prices in active markets.  These securities are categorized as Level 1. The fair value of debt securities is determined using the market approach and is based on the quoted market prices of the securities or other observable inputs.  These securities are categorized as Level 2.

The fair value of commingled trust funds is determined using the market approach and is based on the unadjusted net asset value (NAV) per unit as determined by the sponsor of the fund based on the fair values of underlying investments. These assets are collective investment trusts, and substantially all of these investments have no redemption restrictions or unfunded commitments. Securities measured at NAV per unit as a practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy.

The following information details the allocation of plan assets by investment type.  See Note P for definitions of fair value levels.

 

 

 

The following additional data relates to all pension plans of the Company:

 

 

60

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

The components of the change in projected benefit obligation and change in plan assets are as follows:

 

 

 

Of the December 31, 2017 amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss, $30.4 of unrecognized actuarial loss and $1.3 of unrecognized prior service cost are expected to be amortized into net pension expense in 2018.

The accumulated benefit obligation for all pension plans of the Company was $2,492.4 and $2,215.3 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Information for all plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets is as follows:

 

 

61

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

The components of pension expense are as follows:

 

 

On January 1, 2017, the Company changed the method used to estimate service cost and interest cost components of pension expense from a single weighted-average method, which is a single discount rate determined at the pension plans measurement date, to an individual spot rate approach, which applies specific spot rates along the yield curve to the relevant projected cash flows. This approach is a more precise measurement of net periodic benefit costs and does not impact the benefit obligation. The Company considers this a change in estimate inseparable from a change in accounting principle and is being accounted for prospectively. This change lowered net pension expense by approximately $15.0 in 2017.

Multi-employer Plans:  The Company participates in multi-employer plans in the U.S. and Europe.  These are typically under collective bargaining agreements and cover its union-represented employees. The Company’s participation in the following multi-employer plans for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

 

 

The Company contributions shown in the table above approximates the multi-employer pension expense for each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Metal and Electrical Engineering Industry Pension Fund is a multi-employer union plan incorporating all DAF employees in the Netherlands and is covered by a collective bargaining agreement that will expire May 31, 2018. The Company’s contributions were less than 5% of the total contributions to the plan for the last two reporting periods ending December 2017.  The plan is required by law (the Netherlands Pension Act) to have a coverage ratio in excess of 104.3%.  Because the coverage ratio of the plan was 101.5% at December 31, 2017, a funding improvement plan effective through 2026 is in place.  The funding improvement plan includes a reduction in pension benefits and delays in future benefit increases.

The Western Metal Industry Pension Plan is located in the U.S. and is covered by a collective bargaining agreement that will expire on November 1, 2020.  In accordance with the U.S. Pension Protection Act of 2006, the plan was certified as critical (red) status as of December 31, 2017, and a funding improvement plan was implemented requiring additional contributions through 2022 as long as the plan remains in critical status.  Contributions by the Company were 7% and 8% of the total contributions to the plan for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Other plans are principally located in the U.S.  For the last two reporting periods, none were under funding improvement plans and Company contributions to these plans are less than 5% of each plan’s total contributions.  

There were no significant changes for the multi-employer plans in the periods presented that affected comparability between periods.  

62

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

Defined Contribution Plans:  The Company maintains several defined contribution benefit plans whereby it contributes designated amounts on behalf of participant employees.  The largest plan is for U.S. salaried employees where the Company matches a percentage of employee contributions up to an annual limit.  The match was 5% of eligible pay in 2017, 2016 and 2015.  Other plans are located in Australia, Brasil, Canada, the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.  Expenses for these plans were $37.9, $34.1 and $36.1 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The Company’s tax rate is based on income and statutory tax rates in the various jurisdictions in which the Company operates.  Tax law requires certain items to be included in the Company’s tax returns at different times than the items reflected in the Company’s financial statements. As a result, the Company’s annual tax rate reflected in its financial statements is different than that reported in its tax returns. Some of these differences are permanent, such as expenses that are not deductible in the Company’s tax return, and some differences reverse over time, such as depreciation expense. These temporary differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company establishes valuation allowances for its deferred tax assets if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The components of the Company’s income before income taxes include the following:

 

 

The components of the Company’s provision for income taxes include the following:

 

 

Tax benefits recognized for net operating loss carryforwards were $4.3, $1.2 and $.6 for the years ended 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

A reconciliation of the statutory U.S. federal tax rate to the effective income tax rate is as follows:

 

63

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

 

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted new federal income tax legislation, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Tax Act”). The Act lowered the U.S. statutory income tax rate from 35% to 21%, imposed a one-time transition tax on the Company’s foreign earnings, which previously had been deferred from U.S. income tax and created a modified territorial system. As a result, the Company recorded a provisional amount of $304.0 of deferred tax benefits, due to the re-measurement of net deferred tax liabilities at the new lower statutory tax rate. In addition, the Company recorded a provisional amount of $130.6 of tax expense on the Company’s foreign earnings, which previously had been deferred from U.S. income tax. These provisional amounts may change in 2018, as new information becomes available, as the Tax Act continues to be interpreted and as new technical guidance is issued. The Company will finalize certain tax positions upon filing its 2017 U.S. income tax returns. The Company will then conclude whether the associated provisional amounts require further adjustment. Based on the Company’s current operations, the Company does not expect its future foreign earnings will be subject to significant U.S. federal income tax as a result of the new modified territorial system.        

As noted above, as of December 31, 2017, the Company has provided a U.S. transition tax of $130.6 on all of the Company’s foreign earnings. Included in domestic taxable income for 2016 and 2015 are $180.4 and $249.7 of foreign earnings, respectively, which are not indefinitely reinvested, for which domestic taxes of $7.1 and $12.2, respectively, were provided to account for the difference between the domestic and foreign tax rate on those earnings.

At December 31, 2017, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards of $399.4, of which $271.3 related to foreign subsidiaries and $128.1 related to states in the U.S. The related deferred tax asset was $94.6, for which a $78.3 valuation allowance has been provided. The carryforward periods range from three years to indefinite, subject to certain limitations under applicable laws. The future tax benefits of net operating loss carryforwards are evaluated on a regular basis, including a review of historical and projected operating results.

The tax effects of temporary differences representing deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

 

 

The balance sheets classification of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

 

 

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

Cash paid for income taxes was $661.4, $499.4 and $879.7 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

 

 

The Company had $22.9, $17.3 and $19.1 of unrecognized tax benefits, of which $16.8, $13.9 and $9.9 would impact the effective tax rate, if recognized, as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

 

The Company recognized $.2, $1.9 and $1.9 of income related to interest in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Accrued interest expense and penalties were $1.1, $.9 and $2.8 as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  Interest and penalties are classified as income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

 

The Company believes it is reasonably possible that approximately $1.8 of unrecognized tax benefits, resulting primarily from intercompany transactions, will be resolved within the next twelve months from Competent Authority negotiations between tax authorities of two jurisdictions. The Company does not expect the net impact of these negotiations to be material to its effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2017, the United States Internal Revenue Service has completed examinations of the Company’s tax returns for all years through 2012, with the exception of 2009 which remains subject to examination. The Company’s tax returns for other major jurisdictions remain subject to examination for the years ranging from 2008 through 2017.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss):  The components of AOCI and the changes in AOCI, net of tax, included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, consisted of the following:

 

 

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

 

 

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

Reclassifications out of AOCI during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:

 

 

Other Capital Stock Changes: The Company purchased treasury shares of nil, 1.4 million and 3.8 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  The Company retired treasury shares of nil in 2017, 1.4 million in 2016 and 4.6 million in 2015.

As part of its risk management strategy, the Company enters into derivative contracts to hedge against interest rate and foreign currency risk.

Interest-Rate Contracts:  The Company enters into various interest-rate contracts, including interest-rate swaps and cross currency interest-rate swaps.  Interest-rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed for floating rate or floating for fixed rate interest payments based on the contractual notional amounts in a single currency.  Cross currency interest-rate swaps involve the exchange of notional amounts and interest payments in different currencies.  The Company is exposed to interest-rate and exchange-rate risk caused by market volatility as a result of its borrowing activities.  The objective of these contracts is to mitigate the fluctuations on earnings, cash flows and fair value of borrowings.  Net amounts paid or received are reflected as adjustments to interest expense.

At December 31, 2017, the notional amount of the Company’s interest-rate contracts was $2,878.4.  Notional maturities for all interest-rate contracts are $978.5 for 2018, $911.2 for 2019, $436.9 for 2020, $392.3 for 2021, $126.8 for 2022, and $32.7 thereafter.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

Foreign-Exchange Contracts:  The Company enters into foreign-exchange contracts to hedge certain anticipated transactions and assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, particularly the Canadian dollar, the euro, the British pound, the Australian dollar, the Brazilian real and the Mexican peso.  The objective is to reduce fluctuations in earnings and cash flows associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates.  At December 31, 2017, the notional amount of the outstanding foreign-exchange contracts was $480.4.  Foreign-exchange contracts mature within one year.

The following table presents the balance sheet classification, fair value, gross and pro forma net amounts of derivative financial instruments:

 

 

Fair Value Hedges: Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as fair value hedges are recorded in earnings together with the changes in fair value of the hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged.  The (income) or expense recognized in earnings related to fair value hedges was included in interest and other borrowing expenses in the Financial Services segment of the Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:

 

 

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

Cash Flow Hedges:  Substantially all of the Company’s interest-rate contracts and some foreign-exchange contracts have been designated as cash flow hedges.  Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges are recorded in AOCI to the extent such hedges are considered effective.  Amounts in AOCI are reclassified into net income in the same period in which the hedged transaction affects earnings.  The maximum length of time over which the Company is hedging its exposure to the variability in future cash flows is 9.6 years.  For the periods ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized no gains or losses on the ineffective portion.

The following table presents the pre-tax effects of derivative instruments recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) (OCI):

 

 

Expense (income) reclassified out of AOCI into income was as follows:

 

 

The amount of gain recorded in AOCI at December 31, 2017 that is estimated to be reclassified into earnings in the following 12 months if interest rates and exchange rates remain unchanged is approximately $3.7, net of taxes.  The fixed interest earned on finance receivables will offset the amount recognized in interest expense, resulting in a stable interest margin consistent with the Company’s risk management strategy.

The amount of gains or losses reclassified out of AOCI into net income based on the probability that the original forecasted transactions would not occur was nil for the year ended December 31, 2017, a loss of $.3 for the year ended December 31, 2016 and nil for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Economic Hedges:  For other risk management purposes, the Company enters into derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting.  These derivative instruments are used to mitigate the risk of market volatility arising from borrowings and foreign currency denominated transactions.  Changes in the fair value of economic hedges are recorded in earnings in the period in which the change occurs.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

The expense (income) recognized in earnings related to economic hedges was as follows:

 

 

 

P.FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Fair value represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.  Inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value are either observable or unobservable.  These inputs have been categorized into the fair value hierarchy described below.

Level 1 – Valuations are based on quoted prices that the Company has the ability to obtain in actively traded markets for identical assets or liabilities.  Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market or exchange traded market, valuation of these instruments does not require a significant degree of judgment.

Level 2 – Valuations are based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.

Level 3 – Valuations are based on model-based techniques for which some or all of the assumptions are obtained from indirect market information that is significant to the overall fair value measurement and which require a significant degree of management judgment.

There were no transfers of assets or liabilities between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy during the year ended December 31, 2017.  The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers between levels at the end of the reporting period.

The Company uses the following methods and assumptions to measure fair value for assets and liabilities subject to recurring fair value measurements.

Marketable Securities:  The Company’s marketable debt securities consist of municipal bonds, government obligations, investment-grade corporate obligations, commercial paper, asset-backed securities and term deposits. The fair value of U.S. government obligations is determined using the market approach and is based on quoted prices in active markets and are categorized as Level 1.  

The fair value of U.S. government agency obligations, non-U.S. government bonds, municipal bonds, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities, commercial paper and term deposits is determined using the market approach and is primarily based on matrix pricing as a practical expedient which does not rely exclusively on quoted prices for a specific security.  Significant inputs used to determine fair value include interest rates, yield curves, credit rating of the security and other observable market information and are categorized as Level 2.

Derivative Financial Instruments: The Company’s derivative contracts consist of interest-rate swaps, cross currency swaps and foreign currency exchange contracts.  These derivative contracts are traded over the counter and their fair value is determined using industry standard valuation models, which are based on the income approach (i.e., discounted cash flows).  The significant observable inputs into the valuation models include interest rates, yield curves, currency exchange rates, credit default swap spreads and forward rates and are categorized as Level 2.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

Assets and Liabilities Subject to Recurring Fair Value Measurement

The Company’s assets and liabilities subject to recurring fair value measurements are either Level 1 or Level 2 as follows:

 

 

 

Fair Value Disclosure of Other Financial Instruments

For financial instruments that are not recognized at fair value, the Company uses the following methods and assumptions to determine the fair value.  These instruments are categorized as Level 2, except cash which is categorized as Level 1 and fixed rate loans which are categorized as Level 3.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

Cash and Cash Equivalents:  Carrying amounts approximate fair value.

Financial Services Net Receivables:  For floating-rate loans, wholesale financing, and operating lease and other trade receivables, carrying values approximate fair values.  For fixed rate loans, fair values are estimated using the income approach by discounting cash flows to their present value based on current rates for comparable loans.  Finance lease receivables and related allowance for credit losses have been excluded from the accompanying table.

Debt:  The carrying amounts of financial services commercial paper, variable rate bank loans and variable rate term notes approximate fair value.  For fixed rate debt, fair values are estimated using the income approach by discounting cash flows to their present value based on current rates for comparable debt.

The Company’s estimate of fair value for fixed rate loans and debt that are not carried at fair value was as follows:

 

 

 

PACCAR has certain plans under which officers and key employees may be granted options to purchase shares of the Company’s authorized but unissued common stock under plans approved by stockholders.  Non‑employee directors and certain officers may be granted restricted shares of the Company’s common stock under plans approved by stockholders.  Options outstanding under these plans were granted with exercise prices equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant.  Options expire no later than ten years from the grant date and generally vest after three years.  Restricted stock awards generally vest over three years or earlier upon meeting certain age and service requirements.  

The Company recognizes compensation cost on these options and restricted stock awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite period the employee is required to render service less estimated forfeitures based on historical experience. The maximum number of shares of the Company’s common stock authorized for issuance under these plans is 46.7 million shares, and as of December 31, 2017, the maximum number of shares available for future grants was 14.0 million.

The estimated fair value of each option award is determined on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model that uses assumptions noted in the following table.  The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.  Expected volatility is based on historical volatility. The dividend yield is based on an estimated future dividend yield using projected net income for the next five years, implied dividends and Company stock price.  The expected term is based on the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding based on historical experience.  

 

 

The fair value of options granted was $6.4, $6.0 and $6.3 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  The fair value of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $5.2, $7.8 and $9.5, respectively.  

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions, except per share data)

 

A summary of activity under the Company’s stock plans is presented below:

 

 

The summary of options as of December 31, 2017 and changes during the year then ended are presented below:

 

 

The fair value of restricted shares is determined based upon the stock price on the date of grant.  The summary of nonvested restricted shares as of December 31, 2017 and changes during the year then ended is presented below:

 

 

As of December 31, 2017, there was $5.5 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock options, which is recognized over a remaining weighted average vesting period of 1.45 years.  Unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted stock awards of $1.9 is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted average vesting period of 1.31 years.

The dilutive and antidilutive options are shown separately in the table below:

 

 

 

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions)

 

PACCAR operates in three principal segments:  Truck, Parts and Financial Services. The Company evaluates the performance of its Truck and Parts segments based on operating profits, which excludes investment income, other income and expense, the EC charge, and income taxes.  The Financial Services segment’s performance is evaluated based on income before income taxes.  Geographic revenues from external customers are presented based on the country of the customer.  The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those applied in the consolidated financial statements as described in Note A.  

Truck and Parts:  The Truck segment includes the design and manufacture of high-quality, light-, medium- and heavy-duty commercial trucks and the Parts segment includes the distribution of aftermarket parts for trucks and related commercial vehicles, both of which are sold through the same network of independent dealers.  These segments derive a large proportion of their revenues and operating profits from operations in North America and Europe.  The Truck segment incurs substantial costs to design, manufacture and sell trucks to its customers.  The sale of new trucks provides the Parts segment with the basis for parts sales that may continue over the life of the truck, but are generally concentrated in the first five years after truck delivery.  To reflect the benefit the Parts segment receives from costs incurred by the Truck segment, certain expenses are allocated from the Truck segment to the Parts segment.  The expenses allocated are based on a percentage of the average annual expenses for factory overhead, engineering, research and development and SG&A expenses for the preceding five years.  The allocation is based on the ratio of the average parts direct margin dollars (net sales less material and labor costs) to the total truck and parts direct margin dollars for the previous five years.  The Company believes such expenses have been allocated on a reasonable basis.  Truck segment assets related to the indirect expense allocation are not allocated to the Parts segment.

Financial Services:  The Financial Services segment derives its earnings primarily from financing or leasing of PACCAR products and services provided to truck customers and dealers.  Revenues are primarily generated from operations in North America and Europe.

Other:  Included in Other is the Company’s industrial winch manufacturing business.  Also within this category are other sales, income and expense not attributable to a reportable segment, including the EC charge and a portion of corporate expenses.  Intercompany interest income on cash advances to the financial services companies is included in Other and was nil, $.4 and $.5 for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  

 

74

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (currencies in millions)

 

 

 

 

 

 

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management’s report on internal control over
financial reporting

 

The management of PACCAR Inc (the Company) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in Internal Control–Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on this assessment, management concluded that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017.

Ernst & Young LLP, the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm that audited the financial statements included in this Annual Report, has issued an attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The attestation report is included on page 78.

 

 

Ronald E. Armstrong

Chief Executive Officer

 

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report of independent registered public accounting firm on
the company’s consolidated financial statements

 

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of PACCAR Inc

 

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of PACCAR Inc (the “Company“) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders‘ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements“). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control–Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 21, 2018, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

 

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company‘s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company‘s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 

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report of independent registered public accounting
firm on the company’s internal control over
financial reporting

 

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of PACCAR Inc

 

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited PACCAR Inc’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control–Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, PACCAR Inc (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of PACCAR Inc as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and our report dated February 21, 2018, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

 

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 

 

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quarterly results (unaudited)

 

 

 

 

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The registrant has not had any disagreements with its independent auditors on accounting or financial disclosure matters.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

The Company’s management, with the participation of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting on page 76 and Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on the Company’s Internal Control over Financial Reporting on page 78 for the year ended December 31, 2017, are included in this Form 10-K.

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Not applicable.

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PART III

Item 401(a), (d), and (e) of Regulation S-K:

The following information is included in the proxy statement for the annual stockholders meeting of May 1, 2018 and is incorporated herein by reference:

Identification of directors, family relationships, and business experience is included under the caption “ITEM 1: ELECTION OF DIRECTORS.”

Item 401(b) of Regulation S-K:

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Executive Officers of the registrant as of February 21, 2018:

 

 

Officers are elected annually but may be appointed or removed on interim dates.

Item 405 of Regulation S-K:

The information required by this item is included in the proxy statement for the annual stockholders meeting of May 1, 2018 and is incorporated herein by reference.

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Item 406 of Regulation S-K:

The Company has adopted a Code of Ethics applicable to the registrant’s senior financial officers including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. The Company, in accordance with Item 406 of Regulation S‑K, has posted this Code of Ethics on its website at www.paccar.com. The Company intends to disclose on its website any amendments to, or waivers from, its Code of Ethics that are required to be publicly disclosed pursuant to the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The information on the Company’s website is not incorporated by reference into this report.

Item 407(d)(4) and 407(d)(5) of Regulation S‑K:

The following information is included in the proxy statement for the annual stockholders meeting of May 1, 2018 and is incorporated herein by reference:

The following information is included in the proxy statement for the annual stockholders meeting of May 1, 2018 and is incorporated herein by reference:

Stock ownership information is included under the captions “STOCK OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS” and “STOCK OWNERSHIP OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS” in the proxy statement for the annual stockholders meeting of May 1, 2018 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Information regarding equity compensation plans required by Regulation S‑K Item 201(d) is provided in Item 5 of this Form 10‑K.

No transactions with management and others as defined by Item 404 of Regulation S‑K occurred in 2017.

Information concerning director independence is included under the caption “BOARD GOVERNANCE” in the proxy statement for the annual stockholders meeting of May 1, 2018 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Principal accounting fees and services information is included under the caption “INDEPENDENT AUDITORS” in the proxy statement for the annual stockholders meeting of May 1, 2018 and is incorporated herein by reference.

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PART IV

(a) (1) Listing of financial statements

The following consolidated financial statements of PACCAR Inc are included in Item 8:

Consolidated Statements of Income

— Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

— Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

Consolidated Balance Sheets

— December 31, 2017 and 2016

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows  

— Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

— Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

— December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015

(2) Listing of financial statement schedules

All schedules are omitted because the required matter or conditions are not present or because the information required by the schedules is submitted as part of the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.  

(3) Listing of Exhibits (in order of assigned index numbers):

 

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85

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86

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.

 

 

 

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