Royal Gold, Inc. (NASDAQ: RGLD) (together with its subsidiaries, “Royal Gold,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) reports net income of $81.2 million, or $1.23 per share, for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, ("second quarter") on revenue of $174.1 million and operating cash flow of $113.5 million. Adjusted net income¹ was $82.6 million, or $1.25 per share.

Second Quarter 2024 Highlights:

• Strong financial results with revenue of $174.1 million, operating cash flow of $113.5 million and earnings of $81.2 million; after minor adjustments, adjusted earnings were a quarterly record

• Revenue split: 74% gold, 13% silver, 10% copper

• Sales volume of 74,500 GEOs²

• Sustained high adjusted EBITDA margin¹ of 81%

• Repaid $100 million of debt, reducing total debt to $50 million

• Total available liquidity was approximately $1 billion, and balance sheet returned to net cash position

• Paid quarterly dividend of $0.40 per share, a 7% increase over the prior year period

• Acquired additional royalties on the Back River Project for cash consideration of $51 million

Post Quarter Events:

• Repaid further $25 million of debt, reducing total debt to $25 million

“The second quarter of 2024 was an excellent quarter for Royal Gold, with near-record revenue, and increased operating cash flow and earnings. After minor adjustments, earnings for the quarter were a quarterly record,” commented Bill Heissenbuttel, President and CEO of Royal Gold. “Our portfolio performed well and benefited from the record high quarterly gold price, and we took advantage of the strong results to continue to pay down our debt. Including a further repayment in July, we have repaid $225 million of debt so far in 2024 and have now returned to a net cash position with total available liquidity of approximately $1 billion."

"We also reinvested in the business and acquired additional royalty interests at the Back River Gold District, including the Goose Project, in Nunavut for $51 million," continued Mr. Heissenbuttel. "The acquisition increases our exposure to an attractive development project in a stable jurisdiction with an experienced operator. The Goose Project is one of the most unique gold projects under development globally in terms of scale and economic robustness, and we think the exploration potential of the Back River Gold District will support production beyond the current 15 year mine life."

Recent Portfolio Developments

Principal Property Updates

Notable recent updates as reported by the operators of our Principal Properties include:

Work Continues on Site-Wide Optimization and Preliminary Economic Assessment at Mount Milligan

On August 1, 2024, Centerra Gold Inc. ("Centerra") reported that it continued to execute on its site-wide optimization program at Mount Milligan, initially launched in the fourth quarter of 2023. According to Centerra, the program is focused on a holistic assessment of occupational health and safety, as well as improvements in mine and plant operations, and covers all aspects of the operation to maximize the potential of the orebody. Centerra reported that milling costs in the first six months of 2024 were 12% lower than the first six months of last year. Due to the longer-term nature of the mining optimization initiatives, Centerra expects to see improvements in mining costs per tonne in 2025.

Centerra also reported that work is progressing on a preliminary economic assessment ("PEA") to evaluate the substantial mineral resources at the Mount Milligan mine with a goal to unlock additional value beyond its current 2035 mine life. Centerra continues to expect that the PEA will be completed in the first half of 2025.

Water Restrictions Improving at Andacollo

On July 23, 2024, Teck Resources Limited ("Teck") reported that production at the Andacollo mine in Chile continued to be impacted by low water availability due to extreme drought conditions which limited ore processing rates. However, Teck also reported that the water restrictions improved during the second quarter and Teck expects that improvement to continue in the second half of 2024.

Update on Expansion Project Provided at Khoemacau

On July 24, 2024, MMG Limited (“MMG”) provided an operational update for the second quarter at the Khoemacau mine in Botswana. MMG reported that it is committed to supporting the ramp-up of Khoemacau to achieve an annual production of 60,000 tonnes of copper by 2026, facilitated by ongoing mining development efforts to increase mining fronts, operational flexibility and mined grades. MMG expects these efforts will be further enhanced by the completion of the primary vent fans as well as the paste fill project.

In addition, MMG reported that it is dedicated to completing the construction of an expansion project by 2028, which aims to increase production capacity to 130,000 tonnes of copper, and is expected to reach full capacity by 2029. Any expanded production from the Zone 5 and Mango NE deposits falls within the area of interest covered by Royal Gold's silver stream interest.

Shift to Optimization of Recovery at Pueblo Viejo

On July 16, 2024, Barrick Gold Corporation ("Barrick") provided an operational update for the second quarter at Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic. According to Barrick, production at Pueblo Viejo during the second quarter was flat compared to the prior quarter, as throughput is ramped up with a shift to recovery rate optimization in the second half of 2024.

Higher Gold Grade Expected from the Peñasco Pit at Peñasquito

On July 24, 2024, Newmont Corporation ("Newmont") reported that it continues to expect full year 2024 production at Peñasquito to be second half weighted driven primarily by improved grades. Newmont reported that Peñasquito delivered strong gold and zinc grades from the Chile Colorado pit during the second quarter, and stripping in the Peñasco pit is expected to allow access to ore with 50% higher gold grades in the December 2024 quarter.

Portfolio Additions

Royal Gold Acquires Additional Royalties on the Back River Gold District in Nunavut, Canada

On June 26, 2024, International Royalty Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Royal Gold, added to its existing royalty interests on the Back River Gold District ("Back River") with the acquisition of two royalties for aggregate cash consideration of $51 million. The royalties acquired are:

• The Hill Royalty, which is a 0.7% net smelter return ("NSR") royalty that declines by 50% after C$5 million in royalty revenue is received, and

• The KM Royalty, which is a 26.25% interest in a 5% gross smelter return ("GSR") royalty that is payable after approximately 780,000 ounces have been produced from Back River.

The royalty coverage includes all reserves, resources and potential extensions thereof on the Back River Gold District.

Payments for the Hill Royalty are deductible from the KM Royalty, and as a result, Royal Gold will account for the purchase of the two royalties as one asset. When considered together, the royalties are equivalent to an approximate effective 1.1% GSR royalty rate over the majority of the mine life. Royal Gold expects net income after depletion from these royalty interests to be taxed in Canada at a rate of approximately 26.5%.

Back River is located in Western Nunavut, approximately 520 kilometers northeast of Yellowknife, and is owned and operated by B2Gold Corp. ("B2Gold"). B2Gold owns the entire 80 kilometer Back River Gold District, which includes five mineral claim blocks comprising mining leases and claims covering approximately 580 square kilometers. The most advanced of these is the Goose Project, which is fully permitted and under construction. B2Gold is a well-capitalized gold producer listed on the TSX and NYSE, and the management team has relevant arctic construction and operating experience.

Back River is an attractive gold development project with significant resource potential. The project has a total gold resource of 9.2 million ounces, including 3.6 million ounces in Proven and Probable Reserves. Construction of the Goose Project is currently underway and B2Gold expects production of first gold in the second quarter of 2025, with ramp-up to full production in the third quarter of 2025. According to B2Gold, gold production in calendar year 2025 will be between 120,000 and 150,000 ounces, and average annual gold production from 2026 to 2030 will be in excess of 310,000 ounces per year. The Updated Feasibility Study for the Goose Project prepared in 2021 indicated production of over 3.3 million ounces of gold over a 15-year mine life. B2Gold is also investing heavily in exploration, with an annual expenditure of $20 million for the next five years.

Prior to these acquisitions, Royal Gold owned a 51.25% interest in the KM royalty. In total, after the acquisition of these additional royalty interests, Royal Gold expects to receive royalty revenue from the Goose Project based on the following royalty rates and cumulative production thresholds:

• 0.7% NSR royalty rate until the receipt of C$5 million of royalty revenue, declining to 0.35% thereafter, on all gold produced from startup through to the cumulative production of 400,000 ounces;

• 2.5% GSR royalty rate on all gold produced after the cumulative production of 400,000 ounces up to a cumulative total of approximately 780,000 ounces; and

• 3.3% GSR royalty rate on all production above cumulative production of approximately 780,000 ounces.

Based on the current mine plan, the two thresholds are expected to be reached in 2026 and 2028, respectively, although royalty rates and production thresholds are approximate due to assumptions related to the gold price and the timing and applicability of certain deductions and adjustments. Royal Gold's royalty position prior to these acquisitions also included a 2.1-2.9% GSR royalty on the George portion of Back River, which is payable after cumulative production of 800,000 ounces.

Other Property Updates

Notable recent updates as reported by the operators of other select portfolio assets include:

Producing Properties

Bellevue (2% NSR royalty): On July 15, 2024, Bellevue Gold Limited (“Bellevue”) reported gold production of approximately 42,700 ounces in the quarter ended June 30, 2024, with production for the first six months of calendar 2024 in line with guidance, and on July 24, 2024, Bellevue announced a five-year plan to significantly increase production at the Bellevue Gold mine in Western Australia. Bellevue expects to grow production by increasing underground ore movement and processing capacity, and is targeting gold production of 165,000 to 180,000 ounces in fiscal year 2025; 200,000 to 215,000 ounces in fiscal year 2026; 220,000 to 235,000 ounces in fiscal year 2027; 240,000 to 255,000 ounces in fiscal 2028; and 240,000 to 260,000 in fiscal year 2029. Additionally, Bellevue announced a A$60 million exploration program for fiscal years 2025 and 2026 with the goal of targeting 1.5 to 2.5 million ounces grading 8-10 g/t of gold to the south and covering the down plunge extent of the ore system. According to Bellevue, the current 3.2 million ounce resource is defined within the top 800 meters of the ore body and remains open in all directions.

Mara Rosa (1.0% NSR and 1.75% NSR royalties): On July 24, 2024, Hochschild Mining PLC (“Hochschild”) reported gold production from the Mara Rosa mine in Brazil of approximately 13,300 ounces in the second quarter. According to Hochschild, Mara Rosa reached commercial production in mid-May and the processing plant has reached a nominal capacity of 7,000 tonnes per day, with ongoing optimization initiatives underway to achieve a stable throughput of 8,000 tonnes per day. Hochschild further reported that brownfield exploration has confirmed that mineralization continues at lower levels below the Posse pit.

Rainy River (6.5% gold stream, 60% silver stream): New Gold Inc. ("New Gold") reported on July 30, 2024, that gold production from the Rainy River mine in Ontario in the second quarter was approximately 50,300 ounces, and is expected to strengthen in the second half of the year as higher grade ore is accessed in the open pit. Additionally, New Gold reported that underground development rates continue to ramp up, and with the development of the in-pit portal expected to commence in the third quarter, the underground Main Zone remains on track for first ore in the fourth quarter of 2024.

Development and Evaluation Properties

Celtic/Wonder North (1.5% NSR royalty): Northern Star Resources Limited ("Northern Star") reported on July 25, 2024, that the first high-grade development ore feed from Wonder underground was introduced into the Thunderbox mill blend in the second quarter. According to Northern Star, the Wonder underground ramp-up will continue with the commencement of production stoping by the end of 2024. Northern Star has referred to an initial reserve at Wonder containing approximately 455,000 ounces of gold at a grade of 3.2 g/t.

Côté Gold (1% NSR royalty): IAMGOLD Corporation ("IAMGOLD") reported on August 2, 2024, that commercial production, which is defined as the achievement of reaching a minimum of 30 consecutive days of operations with the mill operating at an average of 60% of the nameplate throughput of 36,000 tonnes per day, has been reached at the Côté Gold Mine in Ontario. IAMGOLD also reported that ramp-up of the plant continues to progress with the goal of throughput reaching 90% of nameplate capacity by the end of the year.

Great Bear (2% NSR royalty): On July 31, 2024, Kinross Gold Corporation (“Kinross”) provided an update on the Great Bear Project in Ontario. According to Kinross, recent drill results continue to support the view of a high-grade, long-life mining complex, with results showing the extension of mineralization at depth across multiple zones, including mineralization well outside the current resource. Kinross reported that various work streams are underway in 2024, including continued exploration drilling below and along strike of known mineralization, preparation for the start of surface construction in the second half of 2024 for the underground exploration decline, the release of a PEA for the Great Bear Project in September, 2024, and other technical studies and permitting. Kinross noted that the PEA is expected to include only a subset of the ounces in the measured, indicated and inferred resources drilled to date.

Manh Choh (3% NSR royalty and 28% NSR royalty on silver): Kinross (70% owner and operator) provided an update on July 31, 2024, on progress at the Manh Choh Project in Alaska. Kinross reported the first gold pour at the Fort Knox mill occurred on schedule on July 8, 2024, ore transportation has ramped up to planned volumes, full commissioning of the Fort Knox mill modifications is expected to be completed in the third quarter, and the project remains on track to deliver planned production this year.

Second Quarter 2024 Overview

In the second quarter, we recorded net income and comprehensive income of $81.2 million, or $1.23 per basic and diluted share, as compared to net income of $63.4 million, or $0.97 per basic and diluted share, for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase in net income was primarily attributable to higher revenue, as discussed below.

For the second quarter, we recognized total revenue of $174.1 million, comprised of stream revenue of $123.0 million and royalty revenue of $51.1 million at an average gold price of $2,338 per ounce, an average silver price of $28.84 per ounce and an average copper price of $4.42 per pound. This is compared to total revenue of $144.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, comprised of stream revenue of $106.0 million and royalty revenue of $38.0 million, at an average gold price of $1,976 per ounce, an average silver price of $24.13 per ounce and an average copper price of $3.84 per pound.

The increase in our total revenue resulted primarily from higher average gold, silver and copper prices compared to the prior period. Higher copper sales at Mount Milligan, and higher gold and silver production at Peñasquito also contributed to the increase. These increases were partially offset by lower gold and silver sales at Pueblo Viejo compared to the prior year period.

Cost of sales, which excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization ("DD&A"), increased to $24.2 million for the second quarter, from $23.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase, when compared to the prior year quarter, was primarily due to higher copper sales at Mount Milligan. Cost of sales is specific to our stream agreements and, except for Mount Milligan, is the result of our purchase of metal for a cash payment that is a set contractual percentage of the spot price for that metal near the date of metal delivery. For Mount Milligan, the cash payments under the existing stream agreement are the lesser of $435 per ounce for gold or the prevailing market price of gold when purchased, and 15% of the spot price for copper near the date of metal delivery. Separately, and in addition to the cash payments under the existing stream agreement, the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement (detailed in Note 5 of our notes to consolidated financial statements in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q) provides for cash payments on gold and copper deliveries that are expected to begin after certain thresholds are met.

General and administrative costs increased to $10.5 million for the second quarter, from $9.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase in non-cash stock compensation expense compared to the prior year period.

DD&A decreased to $35.7 million for the second quarter, from $38.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to lower depletion rates at Khoemacau and lower gold and silver sales at Pueblo Viejo compared to the prior year period.

Interest and other expense decreased to $2.5 million for the second quarter, from $8.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to lower interest expense as a result of lower average amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility compared to the prior year period. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility averaged $92 million at an average all-in borrowing rate of 6.5% compared to average amounts outstanding of $473 million at an average all-in borrowing rate of 6.3% for the prior year period.

For the second quarter, we recorded income tax expense of $19.0 million, compared to $2.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The income tax expense resulted in an effective tax rate of 18.9% in the current period, compared with 3.1% for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The three months ended June 30, 2023 included a discrete tax benefit of $8.5 million attributable to the release of a valuation allowance on certain foreign deferred tax assets.

Net cash provided by operating activities totaled $113.5 million for the second quarter, compared to $107.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase, when compared to the prior year period, was primarily due to higher cash receipts from the stream segment when compared to the prior year period.

Net cash used in investing activities totaled $50.9 million for the second quarter, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $2.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The change from the comparable prior year period was primarily due to the $51 million acquisition of two Back River Gold District royalties.

Net cash used in financing activities totaled $126.3 million for the second quarter, in line with $126.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. Repayments of $100 million of outstanding borrowings on the revolving credit facility were made in both the current and prior year quarters.

Other Corporate Updates

Balance Sheet Returned to Net Cash Position with Approximately $1 Billion of Total Available Liquidity at the end of the Second Quarter

During the second quarter, we repaid $100 million of outstanding borrowings on the $1 billion revolving credit facility, resulting in $50 million outstanding and $950 million undrawn and available as of June 30, 2024. Total liquidity at the end of the second quarter was approximately $961 million, which consisted of $11 million of working capital and $950 million undrawn and available under the revolving credit facility.

After the end of the second quarter, on July 10, 2024, we repaid a further $25 million of outstanding borrowings on the credit facility from cash flow, reducing the outstanding balance to $25 million. We expect this remaining balance to be repaid on August 12, 2024, which would reduce debt outstanding to $0. The outstanding balance under our revolving credit facility was classified as short-term as of June 30, 2024, with the submission of a repayment notice to our banking syndicate.

Property Highlights

A breakdown of revenue for the Company’s stream and royalty portfolio can be found on Table 1 for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023. Table 2 shows stream metal sales and metal sales attributable to the Company’s royalty interests for the Company’s principal stream and royalty properties. Table 3 shows Royal Gold's 2024 sales volume guidance and year to date sales volume achieved. Table 4 shows stream segment purchases and sales for the quarters ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023 and inventories at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Highlights at certain of the Company’s principal producing and development properties during the quarter ended June 30, 2024, compared to the quarter ended June 30, 2023, are detailed in the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

CORPORATE PROFILE

Royal Gold is a precious metals stream and royalty company engaged in the acquisition and management of precious metal streams, royalties and similar production-based interests. As of June 30, 2024, the Company owned interests on 177 properties on five continents, including interests on 38 producing mines and 22 development stage projects. Royal Gold is publicly traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “RGLD.” The Company’s website is located at www.royalgold.com.

Note: Management’s conference call reviewing the second quarter 2024 results will be held on Thursday, August 8, 2024, at 12:00 pm Eastern Time (10:00 am Mountain Time). The call will be webcast and archived on the Company’s website for a limited time.

Additional Investor Information: Royal Gold routinely posts important information, including information about upcoming investor presentations and press releases, on its website under the Investors tab. Investors and other interested parties are encouraged to enroll at www.royalgold.com to receive automatic email alerts for new postings.

Forward-Looking Statements: This press release includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of U.S. federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements are any statements other than statements of historical fact. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, and actual results may differ materially from these statements. Forward-looking statements are often identified by words like “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “forecast,” “potential,” “intend,” “continue,” “project,” or negatives of these words or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements include, among others, statements about the following: our expected financial performance and outlook, including our 2024 guidance; operators’ expected operating and financial performance and other anticipated developments relating to their properties and operations, including production, deliveries, estimates of mineral resources and mineral reserves, environmental and feasibility studies, technical reports, mine plans, capital requirements, liquidity and capital expenditures; anticipated liquidity, capital resources and debt repayments; and the timing of royalty payments and metal deliveries, including deferred amounts at Pueblo Viejo.

Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements include, among others, the following: a lower-price environment for gold, silver, copper or other metals; operating activities or financial performance of properties on which we hold stream or royalty interests, including variations between actual and forecasted performance, operators’ ability to complete projects on schedule and as planned, operators’ changes to mine plans and mineral reserves and mineral resources (including updated mineral reserve and mineral resource information), liquidity needs, mining and environmental hazards, labor disputes, distribution and supply chain disruptions, permitting and licensing issues, other adverse government or court actions, or operational disruptions; contractual issues involving our stream or royalty agreements; the timing of deliveries of metals from operators and our subsequent sales of metal; risks associated with doing business in foreign countries; increased competition for stream and royalty interests; environmental risks, including those caused by climate change; potential cyber-attacks, including ransomware; our ability to identify, finance, value, and complete acquisitions; adverse economic and market conditions; impact of health epidemics and pandemics; changes in laws or regulations governing us, operators or operating properties; changes in management and key employees; and other factors described in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including Item 1A. Risk Factors of our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Most of these factors are beyond our ability to predict or control. Other unpredictable or unknown factors not discussed in this release could also have material adverse effects on forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. We disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Readers are cautioned not to put undue reliance on forward-looking statements.

Statement Regarding Third-Party Information: Certain information provided in this press release, including production estimates, has been provided to us by the operators of the relevant properties or is publicly available information filed by these operators with applicable securities regulatory bodies, including the Securities and Exchange Commission. Royal Gold has not verified, and is not in a position to verify, and expressly disclaims any responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or fairness of any such third-party information and refers the reader to the public reports filed by the operators for information regarding those properties.

Schedule A – Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Certain Other Measures

Overview of non-GAAP financial measures:

Non-GAAP financial measures are intended to provide additional information only and do not have any standard meaning prescribed by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). These measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, because the presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures varies among companies, these non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.

We have provided below reconciliations of our non-GAAP financial measures to the comparable GAAP measures. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors for analysis of our business. We use these non-GAAP financial measures to compare period-over-period performance on a consistent basis and when planning and forecasting for future periods. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures are used by professional research analysts and others in the valuation, comparison and investment recommendations of companies in our industry. Many investors use the published research reports of these professional research analysts and others in making investment decisions. The adjustments made to calculate our non-GAAP financial measures are subjective and involve significant management judgement. Non-GAAP financial measures used by management in this release or elsewhere include the following:

1. Adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, depletion and amortization, or adjusted EBITDA, is a non-GAAP financial measure that is calculated by the Company as net income adjusted for certain items that impact the comparability of results from period to period, as set forth in the reconciliation below. The net income and adjusted EBITDA margins represent net income or adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenue. We consider adjusted EBITDA to be useful because the measure reflects our operating performance before the effects of certain non-cash items and other items that we believe are not indicative of our core operations.
2. Net debt (or net cash) is a non-GAAP financial measure that is calculated by the Company as debt (excluding debt issuance costs) as of a date minus cash and equivalents for that same date. Net debt (or net cash) to trailing twelve months (TTM) adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that is calculated by the Company as net debt (or net cash) as of a date divided by the TTM adjusted EBITDA (as defined above) ending on that date. We believe that these measures are important to monitor leverage and evaluate the balance sheet. Cash and equivalents are subtracted from the GAAP measure because they could be used to reduce our debt obligations. A limitation associated with using net debt (or net cash) is that it subtracts cash and equivalents and therefore may imply that there is less Company debt than the most comparable GAAP measure indicates. We believe that investors may find these measures useful to monitor leverage and evaluate the balance sheet.
3. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per share are non-GAAP financial measures that are calculated by the Company as net income and net income per share adjusted for certain items that impact the comparability of results from period to period, as set forth in the reconciliations below. We consider these non-GAAP financial measures to be useful because they allow for period-to-period comparisons of our operating results excluding items that we believe are not indicative of our fundamental ongoing operations. The tax effect of adjustments is computed by applying the statutory tax rate in the applicable jurisdictions to the income or expense items that are adjusted in the period presented. If a valuation allowance exists, the rate applied is zero.
4. Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure that is calculated by the Company as net cash provided by operating activities for a period minus acquisition of stream and royalty interests for that same period. We believe that free cash flow represents an additional way of viewing liquidity as it is adjusted for contractual investments made during such period. Free cash flow does not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures. We believe it is important to view free cash flow as a complement to our consolidated statements of cash flows.
5. Cash general and administrative expense, or cash G&A, is a non-GAAP financial measure that is calculated by the Company as general and administrative expenses for a period minus non-cash employee stock compensation expense for the same period. We believe that cash G&A is useful as an indicator of overhead efficiency without regard to non-cash expenses associated with employee stock compensation.