Handbook on Production, Recycling of Lithium Ion and Lead-Acid Batteries (with Manufacturing Process, Machinery Equipment Details & Plant Layout)
Delhi, India Jun 2, 2022 (Issuewire.com) - You will understand the full concept of the Battery Industry with the help of a book. To know more about lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries, there are some important aspects such as production, recycling, etc. The information mentioned in the book will be helpful for startups planning to start new manufacturing units, who want to expand their existing business areas in the lithium-ion or lead-acid battery Manufacturing or recycling industry, or who are already running either of these businesses.
This Handbook on Production, Recycling of Lithium-Ion and Lead-Acid Batteries (with Manufacturing Process, Machinery Equipment Details & Plant Layout) provides valuable information on all necessary aspects related to lithium-ion and lead-acid battery industries that we are explaining here. So, stay tuned till the end to get the most information and details on how to buy the book.
It also includes a process flow diagram (PFD) for both types of batteries which is useful for any company which wants to set up a new plant or expand its current operations. All details like machinery equipment required, plant layout, raw materials used, etc. have been included in it so that it can be used by companies while starting up their own plants.
Apart from process flow diagrams, an overview of complete recycling processes has also been given in detail. Also, a brief history of the evolution of each type has been provided along with its present status across different countries. It will be very useful for anyone interested in knowing more about lithium-ion and lead-acid battery industries.
Indian Battery Sector
India is one of the world's largest battery manufacturers. Furthermore, there is an increase in global demand for batteries, and Indian battery producers are preparing to satisfy this need. The Indian battery sector has grown by 25% year over year and is expected to increase even more in the future. Batteries, such as Sealed Maintenance Free (SMF), lead-acid, or lithium-ion batteries, now power virtually everything else in the world.
The Future of Recycling of Batteries in India:
India, the world's second-largest producer of electronic goods, has an estimated stockpile of about 500 million lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries that are discarded annually. Despite the existence of stringent laws to promote and encourage battery recycling in India, less than 5% of all discarded batteries are being recycled currently. A large percentage of these recyclable batteries are ending up in landfills due to the lack of proper collection and recycling facilities across the country.
Recycling batteries should be a major priority in India, given the country's growing e-waste problem and the fact that consumers have been slow to adapt to new battery technologies such as lithium-ion batteries.
Future of recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery in India:
In the coming years, India's commitment to the shift from fossil fuel-based vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) will dramatically raise the demand for batteries. Among the several extant battery technologies, the lithium-ion battery (LiB) is now the most suited alternative.
Although there are many different types of LiB batteries, the majority of electric vehicles use lithium nickel manganese cobalt (LNMC) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. These batteries have a shelf life of eight to ten years, but once their energy-generating capability falls below 80%, they are no longer suitable for electric vehicles. These batteries, on the other hand, can still be employed in stationary applications such as renewable energy storage and other stationary applications.
In India, roughly 0.4 GWh LiBs were available for recycling in 2020, according to reports. By 2030, it is predicted that the total volume of retired LiBs (straight from EVs and after second-use applications) would be roughly 70 GWh. With proper recycling treatment, around 90% of these can be recovered.
Valuable metals like cobalt, nickel, manganese, lithium, graphite, and aluminum can be recovered up to 90% with current recycling technology. These account for roughly 50-60% of the entire battery cost, with cobalt being the most costly.
Some topics covered in this handbook:-
- Introduction
1.1. Principles of Operation
1.2. Primary Batteries
1.2.1. Zinc-Manganese Dioxide Systems
1.2.2. Zinc-Mercuric Oxide Battery
1.2.3. Zinc-Silver Oxide Battery
1.2.4. Lithium Batteries
1.2.5. Air-Depolarized Batteries
1.2.6. Other Primary Battery Systems
1.2.7. Storage Batteries
1.2.8. Lead-Acid Batteries
1.2.9. Alkaline Storage Batteries
1.2.10. Lithium Storage Batteries
1.3. Development of Batteries
- Battery Design and Function
2.1. Lithium-Ion Battery Electrochemistry and Function
2.1.1. Anode and Cathode Material Consideration
2.1.2. Cylindrical vs Prismatic Cell Design Tradeoffs
2.2. Battery Module Design Approach
2.3. Safety Considerations
- Industrial Battery Outlook
3.1. The Lead-Acid Segment Expected to Dominate
the Market
3.2. Asia-Pacific to Dominate the Industrial Battery Market
- Future Scope of Lithium-Ion Batteries
4.1. Present Day Lithium-Ion Batteries
4.2. Deficiencies of Present Lithium-Ion Batteries and
Likely Improvements
4.3. Li-Ion Batteries are Amazing Energy Storage Devices
4.4. The Future of Li-Ion Energy Storage
4.5. A Finite Resource
4.6. Early Li-Ion Battery Development
- Future of Lithium-Ion Batteries
and Electrification
5.1. Major Trends
5.2. Technological Trends
5.3. Future Trends in Battery Technology
5.4. Conclusion
- Lithium-Ion Battery
6.1. General Characteristics
6.2. Advantages
6.3. Classification
6.4. Chemistry
6.4.1. Lithium
6.4.2. Cathode Materials
6.4.3. Electrolytes
6.4.4. Cells Couples and Reaction Mechanisms
6.5. Characteristics of Lithium Primary Batteries
6.5.1. Summary of Design and
Performance Characteristics
6.5.2. Soluble-Cathode Lithium Primary Batteries
6.5.3. Solid-Cathode Lithium Primary Cells
6.6. Safety and Handling of Lithium Batteries
6.61. Factors Affecting Safety and Handling
6.7. Safety Considerations
6.8. Lithium/Sulfur Dioxide (Li/SO2) Batteries
6.8.1. Chemistry
6.8.2. Construction
6.8.3. Performance
6.9. Cell and Battery Types and Sizes
6.10.Use and Handling of Li/SO2 Cells and Batteries-
Safety Considerations
6.11. Applications
6.12. Lithium/Thionyl Chloride (Li/SOCl2) Batteries
6.12.1. Chemistry
6.12.2. Bobbin-Type Cylindrical Batteries
6.12.3.
6.12.4. Li/SOCl2 Cells, Flat or Disk-Type
- Lithium-Ion Battery Applications
7.1. Personal Transportation Applications
7.2. Automotive Applications
7.3. Microhybrid Electric Vehicles
7.4. Hybrid Electric Vehicles
7.5. PHEVs and EREVs
7.6. Battery Electric Vehicles
7.7. Fuel Cell EVs
7.8. Bus and Public Transportation
7.9. HD Truck Applications
7.10. Industrial Applications
7.11. Robotics and Autonomous Applications
7.12. Marine and Maritime Applications
7.13. Grid and Stationary Applications
7.14. Bulk Energy Storage
7.15. Ancillary Services
7.16. Transmission and Distribution Infrastructure Services
7.17. Customer Energy Management Services
7.18. Community Energy Storage
7.19. Aerospace Applications
- Lithium Battery Manufacturing
8.1 Electrode Coating
8.2. Cell Assembly
8.2.1. Prismatic Cells
8.2.2. Cylindrical Cells
8.3. Formation
8.4. Process Control
8.5. Support Services
8.6. Lithium-ion Battery Pack Assembly Line Making Machine
8.6.1. Battery Cell Tester
8.6.2. Auto Paper Pasting Machine
8.6.3. Auto Sorting Machine
8.6.4. Spot Welding Machine
8.6.5. Integrated Tester
8.6.6. Charging Discharging Aging Machine
- Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries
9.1. Repairing and Remanufacturing
9.2. Refurbishing, Repurposing, and Second Life
9.3. Second Life Partnerships
9.4. Recycling
9.5. Manufacturing Process
9.6. Manufacturing Equipments
9.6.1. Filter Press-Removal of the Black Mass
9.6.2. Filter Press-Removal of the Lithium Carbonate
9.6.3. Features
9.7. Evaporation and Heated Tank System
9.8. Clarifier
9.8.1 Features
9.9. Sludge Dryer
9.9.1. Features and Benefits
9.10. Thermal Evaporators
9.10.1. Benefits of Evaporators
9.11. Reverse Osmosis (RO)
9.11.1. Applications
9.12. Ultrafiltration
9.12.1. Attributes
9.13. Atmospheric Evaporators
- Aluminum-Air Battery
10.1. Electrochemistry
10.2. Materials and Methods
10.2.1. Materials
10.2.2. Hydrogen Evolution and Half-Cell Test
10.2.3. Full-Cell Test
10.3. Results and Discussion
10.4. Aluminium-Air Battery: Discovery, Commercial Alloys, and State of The Art
10.5. Discovery and Production
10.6.Commercial Aluminium Alloys
- Alkaline Battery
11.1. Electro-Chemical Description
11.2. Temperature Effects on Performance
11.3. Voltage and Capacity
11.4. Discharge Types
11.5. Shelf Life
11.6. The Shelf Life is influenced by Temperature,
Humidity and Internal Construction
11.7. Testing / Care / Warnings
11.7.1. Testing
11.7.2. Warnings
11.8. Current
11.9. Construction
11.10. Recharging of Alkaline Batteries
11.10.1. Leaks
11.10.2. Disposal
11.10.3. Alkaline Battery Recycling Industry
11.11. How are Batteries Made?
- Metal-Air Battery
12.1. Anodes for Metal-Air Batteries
12.1.1 Lithium
12.1.2. Magnesium
12.1.3. Iron
12.1.4. Zinc
12.2. Cathodes for Metal-Air Batteries
12.3. Catalyst for Air Cathodes
- Lead-Acid Batteries
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Lead Batteries in Applications
13.2.1. Types of Lead-Acid Batteries
13.2.2. Typical Commercially Available Battery Units
13.2.3. Use Pattern of Lead-Acid Batteries
13.2.4. Charge-Discharge Procedures of
Lead-Acid Batteries
13.3. Nonautomobile Applications of Lead-Acid Batteries
13.3.1. Stationary Applications of Lead-Acid Batteries
13.3.2. Standby Applications of Lead-Acid Batteries
13.3.3. Backup Power Applications of
Lead-Acid Batteries
13.4. Automobile Applications of Lead-Acid Batteries
13.4.1. Automobile Starting-Lighting-Ignition Applications
13.4.2. Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications
of Lead-Acid Batteries
- Lead-Acid Batteries Fundamentals,
Technologies, and Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Materials and Properties
14.2.1. Porosity, Pore Size, and Pore Shape
14.2.2. Ionic Resistance
14.2.3. Electrochemical Compatibility
14.2.4. Acidic and Oxidation Stability
14.2.5. Puncture Resistance
14.2.6. Surface Area
14.3. Separator Synthesis
14.3.1. Polyethylene Separator
14.3.2. Absorptive Glass Mat Separator
14.3.3. Separator
14.3.4. Rubber Separators
14.4. Separator Structure Design and Fabrication
14.4.1. Positive Ribs
14.4.2. Negative Ribs
14.4.3. Embossed/Corrugated
14.4.4. Compression/Resiliency
14.4.5. Fabrication
14.5. Effects of Material Composition, Morphology, and
Synthesis Conditions on Battery Performance
14.5.1. Antimony Poisoning and Water Loss
14.5.2. Low Electrical Resistance
14.6. Effect of Battery Operating Conditions on
Separator Performance
14.6.1. Basic Condition/Extreme Shrinkage
14.6.2. Hydration Shorts
14.6.3. Extreme Oxidation
14.7. Technical Challenges, Mitigation Strategies,
and Perspectives
14.7.1. High-Power Starter Batteries
14.7.2. Deep-Cycle Batteries
- Lead-Acid Battery Manufacturing
Equipment
15.1 Casting in a Grid
15.1.1 Grid Caster
15.1.2.Strip Expansion Grid
15.1.3 Continuous Grid Caster
15.2. Production of Lead Oxide
15.2.1. Barton Pot Process
15.2.2. Ball Mill process
15.3. Paste Mixing
15.3.1. Batch Paste Mixer
15.4. Pasting
15.5. Curing
15.6. Formation
15.6.1. Formation of Positive Plates
15.6.2. Formation of Negative Plates
15.6.3. Tank Formation
15.6.4. Case Formation
15.7. Battery Assembly
15.7.1.Group Stacking
15.7.2. Alignment
15.7.3. Group Burning
15.7.4. Group Alignment
15.8. Group Insertion
15.8.1. Inspection and Terminal Alignment
15.8.2. Short Circuit Testing
15.8.3. Intercell Welding
15.8.4. Shear Testing
15.8.5. Case Cover Sealing
15.8.6. Leak Testing
15.8.7. Terminal (Post) Burning
15.8.8. Aluminum Foil Sealing
15.8.9. Acid Filling
15.8.10. Packing
15.8.11. Quality Assurance and Control
- Recycling of Lead-Acid Battery
16.1. Battery Breaking
16.1.1. Historical Background of Battery Breaking
16.1.2. Modern Battery Breaking Process
16.1.3. Battery Breaking: Potential Sources of
Environmental Contamination
16.2. Lead Reduction
16.2.1. Pyrometallurgical Methods
16.2.2. Hydrometallurgical Methods
16.2.3. Lead Reduction: Potential Sources
of Environmental Contamination
16.3. Lead Refining
16.3.1 Pyrometallurgical Refining
16.3.2 Lead Refining: Potential Sources of
Environmental Contamination
16.4. Lead Battery Recycling Plant
16.4.1. Scope
16.5 Manufacturing Equipment:
16.5.1. Battery Cutting Machines / Battery Breakers
16.5.2. Rotary Furnace
16.5.3. Pollution Control Plant
16.5.4. Refining and Alloying Pots
16.5.5. Ingoting Systems
- Zinc-carbon battery
17.1. General Characteristics
17.2. Chemistry
17.3. Types of Cells and Batteries
17.3.1. Leclanche´ Batteries
17.3.2. Zinc Chloride Batteries
17.4. Construction
17.4.1. Cylindrical Configuration
17.4.2. Inside Out Cylindrical Construction
17.4.3. Flat Cell and Battery
17.4.4 Special Designs
17.5. Cell Components
17.5.1. Zinc
17.5.2. Bobbin
17.5.3. Manganese Dioxide (MnO2)
17.5.4. Carbon Black
17.5.5. Electrolyte
17.5.6. Corrosion Inhibitor
17.5.7. Carbon Rod
17.5.8. Separator
17.5.9. Seal
17.5.10.Jacket
17.5.11. Electrical Contacts
17.6. Performance Characteristics
17.6.1. Voltage
17.6.2. Discharge Characteristics
17.6.3. Effect of Intermittent Discharge
17.6.4. Comparative Discharge Curves--Size Effect
Upon Heavy Duty Zinc-chloride Batteries
17.6.5. Comparative Discharge Curves--Different
Battery Grades
17.6.6. Internal Resistance
17.6.7. Effect of Temperature
17.6.8. Service Life
17.6.9. Shelf-Life
17.7. Special Designs
17.7.1. Flat-Pack Zinc/Manganese Dioxide P-80 Battery
17.8. Battery Parameters
17.9. Types and Sizes of Available Cells and Batteries
- Environmental Issues for Batteries
18.1. Lifecycle Analysis (LCA)
18.2. Material Issues
18.2.1. Resource Availability
18.3. Environmental Impacts
18.3.1. Electrode Materials
18.3.2. Electrolyte Risks
18.3.3. Binders
18.4. Material Issues: Going Forwards
18.4.1. Energy Density
18.4.2. Alternative Materials
18.4.3. Non-Fluorinated Binders
18.4.4. Cobalt Substitution
18.5. Energy Issues: Production and Charging
18.5.1. Source Of Energy for Production
18.5.2. Roundtrip Efficiency
18.6. Lifespan
18.7. End-of-Life (EoL) treatment
18.7.1. Recycling
18.7.2. Re-Use
18.7.3. Design for Recycling and Re-Use
- International Standards and
Testing Applicable to Batteries
Standards and Safety Testing Organisations
General Battery Standards
Lithium Battery Standards
Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Standards
Nickel Cadmium Battery Standards
Lead Acid Battery Standards
Photovoltaic Battery Standards
Safety Standards
Automotive Battery Standards
Aircraft Battery Standards
Military Standards for Batteries, Software,
EMC/RFI, Safety & Quality
Radio Battery Standards
Standby Power Systems Standards
Software Standards
EMC/RFI Standards
Ingress Protection (IP) Standards
Battery Monitoring Standards
Battery Recycling and Disposal Standards
Other Related Electrical Standards
Quality Standards
- BIS Specifications
- Plant Layout and Process Flow Chart
& Diagram
- Automated Manufacturing Equipment
22.1. Equipment Specifications
22.2. Kaido Winder
22.3. Hibar Equipment
22.3.1. Module 1: Bottom Tab Welding System
22.3.2. Module 2: Beading/Grooving System
22.3.3. Module 3: Sealant Dispensing System
22.3.4. Module 4: Electrolyte Filling System
22.3.5. Module 5: Top Tab Welding and Taping System
22.3.6. Module 6: Final Crimping System
22.4. Formation and Test Equipment
22.5. Machine Vision Approach and Implementation
22.5.1. Part Serial Number / Bar Code Tracking
22.6. Manufacturing Equipment Installation
22.7. Operator Training
22.8. Manufacturing Equipment Validation
22.8.1. Kaido Winder Validation
22.8.2. Hibar Resistance Welding Module Validation
22.8.3. Hibar Beading Module Validation
22.8.4. Hibar Sealant Dispensing Module Validation
22.8.5. Hibar Electrolyte Filling Module Validation
22.8.6. Hibar Electrolyte Filling System Performance Validation
22.8.7. Hibar Top Tab Welding and Taping Module Validation
22.8.8. Hibar Crimping System Validation
- Photographs of PLANT & Machinery with
Supplier's Contact Details
Lead Battery Recycling Plant
Battery Automatic Plate Pasting Machine
Lead Battery Recycling Plant
Lithium-Ion Battery Machine
Lithium-Ion Battery Tester
Vacuum Oven
Vacuum Drying Oven for Lithium-Ion Battery
Planetary Mixer Vacuum Jacketed
Battery Inter-cell Welding Machine
Automatic Battery Assembling Plant
Battery Breaking and Separation Ds Systems
Electrode Coating Machine
Battery Plate Enveloping Machine
Lead Battery Breaking Plant
Battery Cutting Machine
Battery Cell Spot Welding Machine
Semi-Auto Grooving Machine for Cylindrical Cell
Battery Heat Sealing Machine
Battery Laser Welding Machine
Electric Battery Lead Melting Furnace
The global battery market was worth USD 108.4 billion and is predicted to increase at a CAGR of 14.1%. The increasing demand for automotive applications is responsible for the market's rise. The rising global popularity of consumer electronics is expected to increase the use of lithium-ion batteries as a product category.
Portable electronics, such as LCD displays, smartphones, tablets, and wearable devices like fitness bands, are in high demand, increasing market growth. Because of technical developments in terms of increased efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and product innovation, the market is predicted to rise significantly. Battery demand is likely to be driven by strict emission requirements imposed by government agencies in industrialized countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, as well as an increasing focus on fuel efficiency.
The Demand for Lithium-Ion batteries is predicted to increase by more than 500 percent in the future. Many predictions suggest that demand will outpace supply, virtually assuring a price increase. All of the businesses in this field have unique opportunities to invest in the future of energy storage and transportation.
The global lithium-ion battery market size was valued at USD 53.6 billion and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19.0%. The market's expansion can be ascribed to the rising demand for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) and grid storage since they provide high-energy density and lightweight solutions. The market size is expected to grow due to an increase in the registration of electric vehicles.
Lead-Acid Battery Demand
The global lead-acid battery industry is growing significantly across the globe and it is likely to register a CAGR of 5.2% during the forecast period. Growing SLI applications in the automobile sector, an increase in renewable energy output, and rising demand for energy storage devices are some of the causes driving up demand for lead-acid batteries.
As the telecom industry expands in nations like the United States, Brazil, India, and the United Kingdom, there is a growing demand for UPS systems as a backup power source, resulting in higher usage of lead-acid batteries as a cost-effective energy source.
Conclusion:
The book covers a wide range of topics connected to Batteries, as well as their manufacturing processes. It also includes contact information for machinery suppliers, as well as images of equipment.
A complete guide on Production, Recycling of Lithium-Ion and Lead-Acid Batteries manufacture and entrepreneurship. This book serves as a one-stop-shop for everything you need to know about the battery manufacturing industry, which is ripe with opportunities for manufacturers, merchants, and entrepreneurs. This is the only book that covers the Production, Recycling of Lithium-Ion and Lead-Acid Batteries in depth. From concept through equipment procurement, it is a veritable feast of how-to information.
So, order it now before it goes out of stock.
About Niir Project Consultancy Services (NPCS)
NPCS provides reliable consultancy services worldwide and has been excelling in its expertise in a wide range of services. NPCS also published a monthly magazine Entrepreneur India since 1995. Which is widely read by Entrepreneurs, businessmen, etc. The services include investment opportunities, technology transfers, pre-feasibility study, business plan, new project identification, project feasibility, identification of profitable industrial project opportunities, thorough analysis of the project, plan of all resources & details on capital and operational costs, economic feasibility study of the project, profile analysis, preparation of project profiles / pre-investment studies, market surveys/studies, preparation of techno-economic feasibility reports, funding analysis, market potential study, identification and section of plant /process/equipment, general guidance, technical and commercial counseling for setting up new business.
Media Contact:
Ajay Gupta
+91 8800733955
Media Contact
Ajay kumar Gupta
09097075054
NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES, 106-E KAMLA NAGAR, DELHI
Source :NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES
This article was originally published by IssueWire. Read the original article here.
